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Physiology > Ch 22: Respiratory Part 2 > Flashcards

Ch 22: Respiratory Part 2 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Capillary gas exchange in body tissues

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2
Q

Describe the molecular O2 in the blood

A

1.5% dissolved in plasma
98.5% loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin

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3
Q

What is the term for hemoglobin-O2 combination?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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4
Q

What is the term when hemoglobin releases O2?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

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5
Q

What make a fully saturated Hb?

A

4 heme groups that carry O2

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6
Q

What makes a Hb partially saturated?

A

1-3 hemes with O2

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7
Q

What happens when the Hb affinity for O2 increases?

A

O2 binds

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8
Q

What happens when the Hb affinity for O2 decreases?

A

O2 released

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9
Q

What factors effect the rate of loading and unloading of O2 regulation for delivery to cells?

A
  1. Po2
  2. Temperature
  3. Blood pH
  4. Pco2
  5. Concentration of BPG
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10
Q

Describe the influence of Po2 on hemoglobin saturation

A

According to the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve, hemoglobin saturation plotted against Po2 creating an S curve

Binding and release of O2 influenced by Po2

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11
Q

What is the Hb saturation in arterial blood?

A

98%

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12
Q

What is the Hb saturation in venous blood?

A

75%

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13
Q

What is a venous reserve?

A

Oxygen remaining in venous blood

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14
Q

What happens in the factors influencing hemoglobin saturation increases?

A
  1. Modify structure of hemoglobin; decrease its affinity for O2
  2. Shift O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to right
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15
Q

What happens in the factors influencing hemoglobin saturation decrease?

A
  1. Shifts curve to the left
    2, Decreases O2 unloading from blood
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16
Q

What occurs when the cells metabolize glucose and use O2?

A
  1. Pco2 and H+ increase in capillary blood
  2. Declining blood pH and increasing Pco2
  3. Heat production increases -> directly and indirectly decreases Hb affinity for O2 -> increased O2 unloading to active tissues
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17
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Hb-O2 bond weakens and oxygen unloading where needed most

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18
Q

What are the 3 forms CO2 is transported in the blood?

A
  1. 7 to 10% dissolved in plasma
  2. 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
  3. 70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) in plasma
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19
Q

What enzyme catalyzes CO2 + H2O -> carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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20
Q

What occurs in systemic capillaries?

A

HCO3– quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma

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21
Q

When would a chloride shift occur in systemic capillaries?

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A

Outrush of HCO3– from RBCs balanced as Cl– moves into RBCs from plasma

22
Q

What occurs in the pulmonary capillaries?

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A
  1. HCO3– moves into RBCs (while Cl- move out); binds with H+ to form H2CO3
  2. H2CO3 split by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water
  3. CO2 diffuses into alveoli
23
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

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A

Amount of CO2 transported affected by Po2:
1. Reduced hemoglobin (less oxygen saturation) forms carbaminohemoglobin and buffers H+ more easily ->
2. Lower Po2 and hemoglobin saturation with O2; more CO2 carried in blood

24
Q

How is carboaminohemoglobin created?

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A

As HbO2 releases O2, it more readily forms bonds with CO2

25
What occurs during the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?
1. If H+ concentration in blood rises, excess H+ is removed by combining with HCO3 -> H2CO3 2. If H+ concentration begins to drop, H2CO3 dissociates, releasing H+
26
What is the alkaline reserve of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?
HCO3-
27
How is pH and CO2 affected by shallow breathing?
Increased CO2 in blood causing a drop in pH
28
How is pH and CO2 affected by rapid breathing?
Decreased CO2 in blood causing a rise in pH
29
What controls respiration?
1. Higher brain centers 2. Chemoreceptors 3. Neural controls in medulla and pons
30
What is eupnea?
Normal respiratory rate and rhythm
31
What are the components ventral respiratory group?
1. Inspiratory neurons excite inspiratory muscles via phrenic (diaphragm) and intercostal nerves (external intercostals) 2. Expiratory neurons inhibit inspiratory neurons
32
What are the components dorsal respiratory group?
Integrates input from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors sending information to VRG
33
What is the importance of pontine respiratory centers?
1. Influence and modify activity of VRG 2. Smooth out transition between inspiration and expiration 3. Transmit impulses to VRG -> modify and fine tune breathing rhythms during vocalization, sleep, exercise
34
What is one hypothesis that can explain the generation of the respiratory rhythm?
Pacemaker neurons with intrinsic rhythmicity
35
How is breathing rate determined?
Determined by how long inspiratory center active
36
How is the breathing depth determined?
Determined by how actively respiratory center stimulates respiratory muscles
37
Why are breathing rate and depth modified?
1. Changing levels of CO2, O2, and H+ 2. Sensed by central and peripheral chemoreceptors
38
What occurs during hypercapnia?
1. CO2 accumulates in brain 2. CO2 in brain hydrated -> carbonic acid -> dissociates, releasing H+ -> pH drops 3. H+ stimulates central chemoreceptors of brain stem 4. Chemoreceptors synapse with respiratory regulatory centers -> increased depth and rate of breathing -> lower blood Pco2 -> pH rises
39
What is hyperventilation?
increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds body's need to remove CO2
40
What is the decrease in blood CO2 levels called?
Hypocapnia
41
What is apnea?
Breathing cessation; may be due to abnormally low Pco2
42
How does declining Po2 affect vasodilation?
1. Huge O2 reservoir bound to Hb 2. Requires substantial drop in arterial Po2 to stimulate increased ventilation
43
What is the purpose of Peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies?
When excited, cause respiratory centers to increase ventilation
44
What mediated arterial pH?
peripheral chemoreceptors
45
How does the respiratory system controls raise pH?
Increasing respiratory rate and depth
46
What are the influences of higher brain centers for breathing?
1. Hypothalamic controls 2. Rise in body temperature 3. Cortical controls
47
How does the hypothalamic controls affect breathing?
Modify rate and depth of respiration
48
How does the cortical controls affect breathing?
Direct signals from cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls
49
How does the rise in temperature affect breathing?
Increases respiratory rate
50
What are irratants?
1. Promote reflexive constriction of air passages 2. Same irritant -> cough in trachea or bronchi; sneeze in nasal cavity
51
What is the Hering-Breuer Reflex?
Stretch receptors in pleurae and airways stimulated by lung inflation

Physiology (22 decks)

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