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Flashcards in Ch. 3 Deck (64)
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1
Q

Degree of Akly substitution

A

primary 1 degree carbon
secondary 2 degree carbon
tertiary 3 degree carbon

2
Q

Primary (1 degree) Carbon

A

bonded to only 1 carbon

3
Q

secondary (2 degree) carbon

A

bonded to 2 other carbons atoms

4
Q

tertiary (3 degree) carbon

A

bonded to 3 other carbon atoms

5
Q

Foralkanes if themolecules contain “n”carbon atoms then it must contain

A

(2n+2) hydrogen atoms

6
Q

prefix for 1 carbon

A

meth

7
Q

prefix for 2 carbon

A

eth

8
Q

prefix for 3 carbon

A

prop

9
Q

prefix for 4 carbon

A

but

10
Q

prefix for 5 carbon

A

pent

11
Q

prefix for 6 carbon

A

hex

12
Q

prefix for 7 carbon

A

hept

13
Q

prefix for 8 carbon

A

oct

14
Q

prefix for 9 carbon

A

non

15
Q

prefix for 10 carbon

A

dec

16
Q

prefix for 11 carbon

A

und

17
Q

prefix for 12 carbon

A

dodec

18
Q

prefix for 13 carbon

A

tridec

19
Q

prefix for 14 carbon

A

tetradec

20
Q

prefix for 15 carbon

A

pentadec

21
Q

prefix for 16 carbon

A

hexadec

22
Q

prefix for 17 carbon

A

heptadec

23
Q

prefix for 18 carbon

A

octadec

24
Q

prefix for 19 carbon

A

nonadec

25
Q

prefix for 20 carbon

A

eicos

26
Q

Rule 1 for naming alkanes

A

find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms and use the name of this compound as the base name

27
Q

Rule 2 for naming alkanes

A

the numbering of the carbons begins closest to the substituent that will give that carbon the lowest number

28
Q

Rule 3 naming akyl groups and location

A

name the substituent groupos attached to the longest chain as “akyl” groups
- gi e the location of each group by the number of the main chain carbon atom to which H is attached

29
Q

Example of alkyl groups

A
CH3= methyl
CH3CH2= ethyl
CH3CH2CH2= propyl
30
Q

Rule 4 organizing multiple groups

When 2 or more substituents are present

A
1 list them in alphabetical order
2.if two or more of the same substituents are present used the prefixes
di,=2
tri=3
tertra=4
penta=5
hexa=6
hepta=7
31
Q

You must include the location of Each

A

substituents even if it means repeating a number twice

32
Q

solubilities and densities of alkanes

A

non polar
hydrophobic
only dissolve in non polar or weakly polar organic solvents
have densities around .7 g/mol

33
Q

boiling points

A

increase with smoothly with the increasing # of carbons in simple unbranched alkanes.

34
Q

branched alkaneshave less surface area exposed therefore

A

usually have lower boiling points

35
Q

Melting points of alkanes

A

simple non branched alkanes increased with the increase number of carbons

36
Q

There is a slight difference between the melting point of even and odd chain alkanes

A
  • alkanes with even numbers pack into a solid structure better there for have a higher melting point
  • alkanes with odd chains do not pack together well and have lower melting points
37
Q

Alkanes are the ————– reactive class of organic compounds

A

least

38
Q

alkanes can undergo a few useful reactions under certain conditions

A
  1. energetic
    2, heat
  2. heat and catallist
39
Q

energetic

A

uses light to aid the reaction

40
Q

heat

A

uses increase temperature to aid reaction

41
Q

heat and catalyst

A

use heat and adding a catalyst to aid reaction

42
Q

There are 3 useful reactions of alkanes

A
  1. combustion
  2. cracking and hydrocracking
  3. halogenation
43
Q

Combustion

A

uses heat to promote rapid oxidation that coverts alkanes to CO2 and H2O

44
Q

Cracking and hydrocracking

A

uses heat and catalyst to crack large hydrocarbons at a high temperature in order to produce smaller hydrocarbon
hydrocracking involves the use of H2, heat, and catalyst

45
Q

halogenation

A

alkanes can react with halogens also using an energetic source such as light.

46
Q

depending on what halogen is being used, the reaction rates are different

A
  • reactions that include CL2 and Br2 proceed at moderate rates and are easily controlled
  • reactions with F2 are to fast and difficult to control
  • Iodine-reacts very slowly or nota at all
47
Q

Conformations

A

the arrangements formed by rotation about single bond

48
Q

each individual rotations is called a

A

conformer

49
Q

you can draw newman projections of each conformer

A

you draw it as if you were liking straight down at it

50
Q

eclipsed newman projection rotates

A

zero degrees

51
Q

staggered newman projection rotates

A

60 degrees

52
Q

Skew is

A

zero degrees, anything else

53
Q

each rotation causes

A

torsional strain= resistance to twisting

54
Q

Torsional strains can be studied by looking at the energies of different conformation this is called

A

conformational analysis

55
Q

Guache

A

methyl groups that are directly next to each other on eith the left or the right side in a newman projection

56
Q

anti conformation

A

methyl groupos are directly opposite each other

57
Q

Steric strain

A

happens when the electron cloud of 2 bulky groups such as a methyl experience a strong reposition to each other due to a close proximity to each other

58
Q

Conformations of higher alkanes

A

prefer anti and gauche conformations

59
Q

lower energy conformation for any straight chain is the

A

anti conformation, this is what gives the structure of a zigzag shape

60
Q

Cyclo or cyclic compounds contain rings of atoms

some ex are

A

carbohydrates that we eat
nucleotides that make up our DNA and RNA
antibiotics

61
Q

Cycloalkanes are

A

non polar
melting points and boiling points that depend on molecular weight
since they are held in compact structures their physical properties represent those of branced alkanes

62
Q

Cycloalkanes can not have

A

free rotation due to their ridged structure

63
Q

if the substituents point towards the same face it is

A

cis

64
Q

if the substituents pint in the opposite directions then its

A

trans