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Flashcards in Ch 3 Deck (45)
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1
Q

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes

A

Chromosomes

2
Q

Molecule containing genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

A

DNA

3
Q

Biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA

A

Genes

4
Q

Generic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

A

Heredity

5
Q

Complete instructions for making organism; consisting of all genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

A

Genome

6
Q

Every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to social support later in life

A

Environment

7
Q

Interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (environment) depends on another factor (heredity)

A

Interaction

8
Q

Study of environment influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

A

Epigenetics

9
Q

Fertilized egg; enters a two week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

A

Zygote

10
Q

Developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month

A

Embryo

11
Q

Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

A

Fetus

12
Q

An agent, such as a chemical or virus, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

A

Teratogen

13
Q

Physical and mental abnormalities in children caused by pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out of proportion head and abnormal facial features

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

14
Q

Simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

A

Reflex

15
Q

Persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

A

Temperament

16
Q

Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical siblings

A

Identical (monozygotic) twins

17
Q

Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than nontwin brothers and sisters, but they share a prenatal environment

A

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

18
Q

Biological growth processes leading to orderly changes in behavior, mostly independent of experience

A

Maturation

19
Q

Period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is needed for proper development

A

Critical period

20
Q

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

Cognition

21
Q

Concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

A

Schema

22
Q

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

A

Assimilation

23
Q

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

A

Accommodation

24
Q

In Piaget’s theory the stage (from birth to 2) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

A

Sensorimotor stage

25
Q

Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

A

Object permanence

26
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2-7) when a child learns to use language but cannot yet perform the mental operations of concrete logic

A

Preoperational stage

27
Q

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shapes

A

Conversation

28
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

A

Egocentrism

29
Q

Peoples ideas about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

A

Theory of mind

30
Q

Disorder that appear in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

A

Autism spectrum disorder

31
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (7-11) when children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

A

Concrete operational stage

32
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (12) when people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

A

Formal operational stage

33
Q

Fear of strangers that infants (8 months) display

A

Stranger anxiety

34
Q

Emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation

A

Attachment

35
Q

According to Erik erikson, sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

A

Basic trust

36
Q

Transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

A

Adolescence

37
Q

Period of sexual maturation, when a person becomes capable of reproducing

A

Puberty

38
Q

Our sense of self; according to erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and blending various roles

A

Identity

39
Q

The we aspect of our self concept; part of our answer to who am I that comes from our group memberships

A

Social identity

40
Q

In erikson’s theory, ability to form close, loving relationships; primary development task in early adulthood

A

Intimacy

41
Q

Period from 18- mid twenties when many in western cultures are no longer adolescent but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

A

Emerging adulthood

42
Q

End of menstruation. Biological transition a woman experiences from before until after end of menstruation

A

Menopause

43
Q

Research in which people of different ages are compared

A

Cross-sectional study

44
Q

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

A

Longitudinal study

45
Q

Culturally preferred timing of social events like marriage, parenthood, and retirement

A

Social clock