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Plant Biology > Ch 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Ch 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

fatty acids are away from the water and phosphate groups are in contact with the water; hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails; very thin solution

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2
Q

Intrinsic proteins

A

proteins partially immersed in the lipid bilayer; differ in size, shape and location of hydrophobic, lipid soluable regions

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3
Q

Extrinsic Proteins

A

AKA peripheral proteins that are located outside the membrane

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4
Q

Hydrophilic Domains

A

loves water; can mix, dissolve in and interact with water; associate mostly with phospholipid phosphates and water

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5
Q

Hydrophobic Domains

A

hates water; does not mix with or repels water; associates mostly with fatty acids and allows proteins to sink

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6
Q

Fluid Mosaic Membrane

A

a heterogeneous liquid (at least some proteins are bound to their neighbors and differentiation in diffusion takes place); many types of lipids and intrinsic proteins can diffuse laterally

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7
Q

Glycoproteins

A

a protein with sugar attached (short chains less than ten sugars long)

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8
Q

Vesicles (lumen)

A

Vesicle: small space enclosed by a membrane
Lumen: interior of a vesicle

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9
Q

Exocytosis

A

when the contents of a vesicle or vacuole are carried to the outside of the cell by fusion of the plasma membrane and the membrane of the vesicle or vacuole

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10
Q

Endocytosis

A

when material is absorbed into a cell by invagination in the plasma membrane, then it pinches and shits to form a vesicle

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11
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

some substances cross the membrane more easily and rapidly than others

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12
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

when large intrinsic proteins across the membrane assist in the movement of charged substances and act as hydrophillic channels

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13
Q

Active Transport

A

when molecular pumps (proteins) bind to a molecule on one side of the membrane and using energy changes shape to release the molecule on the other side

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14
Q

Protoplasm

A

all the substance of a cell not including the cell wall (single cell=protoplast); mass of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and water

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15
Q

Plasma membrane

A

the membrane that covers the surface of the protoplasm; used for protection: impermeable to harmful substances and permeable to beneficial ones

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

stores the organism’s genetic information; contains DNA, involved in inheritance, metabolism control and ribosome synthesis

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17
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

located in the nucleus DNA; substance of a cell nucleus: histones, RNA, enzymes, nucleic acids, water

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18
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

surrounds the nucleus and composed of an outer membrane and an inner membrane; separates nuclear material from the rest of the cell

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19
Q

Pores

A

Numerous small holes in the nuclear envelope that are involved in the transport of material between the nucleus and the rest of the protoplasm

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20
Q

Nucleolus

A

Organelles in the nucleus where ribosomal RNAs are synthesized and assembled into ribosomal subunits

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21
Q

Central Vacuole

A

membrane bounded space larger than a vesicle that stores material (mostly water and salts) but sometimes contain visible crystals, starch, proteins bodies, etc

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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

consists of nucleus, vacuoles and cytoplasm

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23
Q

Mitochondria

A

eukaryotic organelles that carry out cell respiration

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24
Q

Plastids

A

organelles only in plant cells

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25
Q

Chloroplasts

A

chlorophyll-rich plastids that carry out photosynthesis

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26
Q

Amyloplasts

A

plastids that store starch

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27
Q

Chromoplasts

A

plastids that contain red or yellow pigments located in flowers and fruits

28
Q

Leucoplasts

A

colorless plastids; can be involved in various types of synthesis

29
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

narrow tubes and sheets of membrane that form a network throughout the cytoplasm

30
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

ribosomes attached to the ER; involved in protein synthesis

31
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

no ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis

32
Q

Dicytosomes

A

stack of thin vesicles held together in a flat or curved formation

33
Q

Microbodies

A

vesicle-like organelles that isolate reactions that either produce or use the dangerous compound peroxide, H2O2 called photorespiration

34
Q

Peroxisomes

A

detoxification of harmful products of photosynthesis and are closely associated with chloroplasts

35
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

involved in respiring stored fatty acids into sugars

36
Q

Microtubules

A

act as a cytoskeleton which holds regions of the cell surface while another part expands which allows for cell growth and expansion; assemble into arrays which catch vesicles and bring them to specific sites or cover a region to exclude the vesicles; also involved in motility

37
Q

Microfilaments

A

composed of actin; used for structure and in the movement of organelles other than flagella, cilia or chromosomes

38
Q

Cell wall

A

provides strength and protection to the protoplasm; structure

39
Q

Primary cell wall

A

thin wall on all plant cells except some sperm cells; formed during cell division

40
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

in some plant cells; formed after cell division; located interior to the primary wall and typically impregnated with lignin

41
Q

Genome

A

entire complex of genes

42
Q

Chromosome

A

thousands of genes in a linear sequence

43
Q

Histones

A

special class of proteins complexed with DNA that provides structure and protection

44
Q

Centromere

A

chromosomes that have a structural feature and located near the center of the chromosome

45
Q

Telomere

A

caps the end of the chromosome

46
Q

Gene Amplification

A

repeated synthesis of the DNA of one or a few genes, not the entire genome; amplified genes are those needed for the specialized metabolism of the mature cell

47
Q

G1 phase

A

first stage after division and before synthesis of DNA in the nucleus; part of interphase; often the longest phase when the nucleus actively directs cytoplasmic metabolism; synthesis of nucleotides used for the DNA replication

48
Q

S Phase

A

DNA replication; the genes in the nucleus are replicated

49
Q

Endoreduplication

A

repeated synthesis (replication) of nuclear DNA in the absence of cell division

50
Q

G2

A

part of interphase between the synthesis of DNA and the beginning of nuclear division; cells prepare for division

51
Q

Mitosis

A

duplication division

52
Q

Prophase

A

first phase of mitosis: the nucleus and nuclear membrane break down, the chromosomes condense and the spindle forms

53
Q

Metaphase

A

second phase of mitosis: the chromosomes move to the center of the spindle, the metaphase plate

54
Q

Anaphase

A

the third phase of mitosis: centromeres divide and two chromatids of the chromosome become independent chromosomes; the two are pulled to opposite poles of the spindle by spindle microtubules

55
Q

Telophase

A

the last phase of mitosis: the chromosomes decondense, the nucleolus and nuclear envelope reform, the spindle depolymerizes and the phragmoplast

56
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of the protoplasm of a cell

57
Q

Meiosis I

A

the first round of division where chromosome number per nucleus is reduced

58
Q

Prophase I

A

similar t0 prophase of mitosis: nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down, centrioles separate, spindle forms, microtubules attach to centromeres and chromosomes condense; in addition there is leptotene: initiation of chromosome condensation; zygotene: pairing of homologous chromosomes (synapsis); pachytene: formation of the synaptonemal complex; diplotene: separation becomes visible; diakinesis: complete separation of homologs

59
Q

Metaphase I

A

similar to metaphse of mitosis except that homologous pairs of chromosomes are involved

60
Q

Anaphase I

A

similar to anaphase of mitosis except no division of centromeres occurs; one homolog is pulled away from the other in each pair which reduces the number of sets of chromosomes to haploid

61
Q

Telophase I

A

similar to telophase of mitosis except telophase I and prophase II are often shortened or eliminated and full nuclei are not formed between meiosis I and II

62
Q

Meiosis II

A

second division of meiosis and the two chromotids of one chromosome become independent chromosomes

63
Q

Prophase II

A

similar to metaphase of mitosis

64
Q

Anaphase II

A

similar to anaphase of mitosis

65
Q

Telophase II

A

similar to telophase of mitosis

Plant Biology (19 decks)

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