D3: Wines of the World > Ch. 31 – Australia > Flashcards

Ch. 31 – Australia Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Australia

A

Australia

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2
Q

Wine history of Australia

A

Vines arrived with first settlers in 1788

  • 19th century commercial viticulture
  • cuttings by James Busby

Phylloxera - eventially found

  • strict quarantine regulations
  • some areas Phylloxera free
  • some of oldest vineyards (Shiraz, Cabernet, Grenache)

Phylloxera in Europe started export from Australia

  • after focus returned to domestic market
  • fortified wines

1950s

  • Orlandos (Jacob’s Creek), Lindemans, Hardys, Penfolds - started to modernize the industry (steel and temperature control)
  • 1970 Boutique winery movement and wineries in colder regions

Wine of Australia 1980 - export market

  • modern, varietal labelling with descriptors
  • world’s fifth largest exporter
  • followed by oversupply and higher competition
  • shift towards quality
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3
Q

Climate in Australia

A

Very favourable environment for viti

  • intense sunshine, low rainfall, low humidity,
  • grapes ripen reliably

Most vineyards 30’-37’S (North Africa, South Europe)
- Strong sunlight

Wide range of climates.
- most vineyards rely on cooling influences

Relatively flat - cooling influence of ocean can travel long distance inland

Spring frost can be issue in colder areas
Winds from ocean can disrupt flowering
Drought is constant problem

Great Dividing Ridge creates barrier - protecting southern regions from tropical weather coming from Pacific in North
- also creates rain shadow in some regions

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4
Q

Soil in Australia

A

Very complex geology, all known rock types can be found

Some regions are known for distinct soils
- Terra rossa - Coonawara

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5
Q

Vineyard management

A

Irrigation - even in wet regions (free-draining soils)

  • Murray-Darling Basin rivers
  • Rainwater collected in dams
  • Underground water sources
  • recycled wastewater
  • as sustainable as possible -drip irrigation

High vigour - heat+ sufficient water

  • canopy management
  • old vines - lower vigour
  • Scott-Henry, Smart-Dyson

Heavily mechanized

  • gentle slopes or flat, wide spacing
  • relatively high labour costs, remote locations
  • some harvest by hand

Soil salinity

  • not enough rain to carry away salt deposited
  • more difficult for vine to get water - reduced vigour
  • Chardonnay very sensitive
  • managed by rootstock and changing irrigation patterns to larger volumes of water at less frequency

Bush fires and smoke taint

Phylloxera

  • many regions did not have problem
  • quarantine and biosecurity laws
  • rootstock as assurance
  • present in Victoria and NSW

Low humidity - ideal for sustainable/organic

Pest - kangaroos and birds

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6
Q

Common pests in Australia

A

Kangaroos and birds

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7
Q

Phylloxera in Australia

A
  • many regions did not have problem
  • quarantine and biosecurity laws
  • rootstock as assurance
  • present in Victoria and NSW
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8
Q

Managing high soil salinity

A

Not enough rain to carry away salt deposited

more difficult for vine to get water - reduced vigour

Chardonnay very sensitive

Managed by rootstock and changing irrigation patterns to larger volumes of water at less frequency

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9
Q

Irrigation in Australia and its sources

A

Irrigation - even in wet regions (free-draining soils)

  • Murray-Darling Basin rivers
  • Rainwater collected in dams
  • Underground water sources
  • recycled wastewater
  • as sustainable as possible -drip irrigation
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10
Q

Main grape varieties in Australia

A 
Shiraz 30%
Cabernet Sauvignon
Chardonnay
Merlot
Sauvignon Blanc
Pinot Noir
Semillon
Pinot Gris
Riesling
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11
Q

Original cuttings brought from Europe by:

A

James Busby

and European immigrants

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12
Q

Australian Wine Research Institute is located at:

A

Adelaide

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13
Q

Progress of Australian wine styles

A

Original full bodied, ripe, fruity wines with plenty of oak

Now diversification - new site selections, vineyard managemet and precise harvest dates.

Experimentation
 - ambient yeast
 - skin contact
 - lees contact
- solids in ferment
 . whole bunch and stems

Screwcap is most common closure

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14
Q

Shiraz

A

30% of all plantings (successful on export)

Adaptable - wide variety of styles

Usually full bodied, high in alcohol, high level of soft tannins
Pronounced aroma of dark fruits and earthy, spicy tones
Develops leatherly

Cooler regions - less fruit intensity and distinct black pepper aroma

Trend toward less intense, more approachable style
- reducing extraction
- whole bunch
- reducing new oak
(American traditional, French increasing)

Widely used in blends (GSM, Shiraz-Viognier, Bordeaux varieties)
- premium usually co-fermented (Cheaper blended)

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15
Q

Blending partners of Shiraz

A

GSM blends
- Grenache, Shiraz, Mataro

Shiraz-Viognier

  • premium usually co-fermented
  • cheaper blended

Cabernet
- Shiraz has similar function as Merlot in Bordeaux

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16
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon

A

Single varietal or blends (Bordeaux or Shiraz)

Cooler or warmer climate (higher acidity and tannin than Shiraz)

  • Ripe black fruit (blackcurrant and cherry)
  • oak

Leading regions:

  • Coonawara - distinctive mint and eucalyptus aroma
  • Margaret River - often blended with Merlot, riper, more subtle herbal notes
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17
Q

Merlot

A

Widely used in blends but also single-varietal

Wìde range of styles

Better clones - raising quality

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18
Q

Pinot Noir

A

Cool or moderate climate

  • Yarra Valley
  • Mornington Peninsula
  • Tasmania
  • med body, med alcohol, high acidity, red fruit (cherry, raspberry)

Whole bunch, cold maceration, stem inclusion

Often matured in French oak (new oak is reducing)

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19
Q

Grenache

A

Rhone style blends with Shiraz and Mataro

Old bush wines (McLaren Vale, Eden Valley, Barossa Valley)

  • modern style is greater freshness, higher acidity, lower alcohol and fresher fruit
  • sometimes proportion of whole bunches or stems
  • Small new oak barrels tend to overwhelm it
  • large barrels or old oak
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20
Q

Chardonnay

A

Almost in every region

Ripe fruit (citrus, peach), med (med+) acidity and well-integrated oak

  • ambient yeast
  • high levels of solids
  • barrel ferment
  • lees ageing
  • barrel maturation (French oak)
  • malo (partial or full or none - depending on climate)

Sometimes blended with Semillon

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21
Q

Sauvignon Blanc

A

Cooler climate regions

  • Mornington Peninsula
  • Tasmania
Adelaide hills (reputation for) 
 - citrus, tropical notes

Less herbaceous

Fermented in steel
Lees contact sometimes or barrel ferment (Margaret River)

Sometimes blended with Semillon

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22
Q

Semillon

A

Single varietal or blended with SB or Chardonnay

Hunter Valley

  • Low alcohol, high acidity, unoaked style
  • fairly neutral in youth
  • develops with bottle age

Barossa
- fuller bodied, higher alcohol and oak notes

Frequently affected by botrytis (Riverina)

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23
Q

Pinot Gris/Pinot Grigio

A 
picked early (Grigio) 
riper, fruitier, spicier, fuller bodied (Gris)

Mornington Peninsula, Tasmania

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24
Q

Riesling

A

Cooler regions

  • Clare and Eden Valleys
  • Great Southern
  • Canberra
  • Tasmania

Bone dry, high acidity (apple, lemon, lime, grapefruit)

Fermented in steel

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25
System of GIs in Australia
Geographical Indications (1990s) Zones - no rules regarding boundaries and no requirements for shared geographic or climatic characteristics - can cover entire state Regions - 65 regions registered - must have consistent and distinct qualities - must produce at least 500 tonnes of grapes a year across at least 5 differently owned vineayrds (each at least 5ha) - Tasmania is region (not a zone) Sub-regions - 14 sub regions registered - particular topography, climates soils Gives range of labelling options Eden Valley can be labelled: - Eden Valley - Barossa - Adelaide - South Australia - South Eastern Australia
26
Labelling law
governed by: Label Integrity Programme (LIP) If GI, vintage or grape is stated 85% of grapes must conform If multiple grape varieties - listed in descending order of how much they contribute Growers, producers, suppliers are regularly audited by Australia Grape and Wine Authority (Wine Australia) which oversees LIP No GI based rules for growing or winemaking
27
South Eastern Australia Zone
Covers whole Victoria, NSW and Tasmania + corners of South Australia and Queensland Allows blending across the zone - high volume wines Mostly from Murray-Darling Basin - Riverland - Riverina - Murray-Darling Hot continental climate Rivers provide slight cooling influence and water for irrigation Ideal conditions for high volume production Rain shadow of Great Dividing Range Casella Family Brands (Yellow Tail), De Bortoli, Australian Vintage, Lindeman's Shiraz, Chardonnay, Semillon - med body, high alcohol, low acidity
28
Area in Riverina known for botrytised wines
Griffith Semillon grape
29
South Australia Zones and Regions
Barossa Zone - Barossa Valley - Eden Valley Mount Lofty Ranges Zone - Adelaide Hills - Clare Valley Fleurieu Zone - McLaren Vale Limestone Coast Zone - Coonawara
30
Victoria Zones and Regions
Port Phillip Zone - Yarra Valley - Morninton Peninsula - Geelong - Macedon Ranges Western Victoria Zone - Grampians - Pyrenees - Henty North East Victoria Zone - King Valley - Beechworth Central Victoria Zone - Goulburn Valley - Bendigo - Uppel Goulburn - Heathcote Gippsland Zone
31
Barossa Zone regions
- Barossa Valley | - Eden Valley
32
Mount Lofty Ranges Zone regions
- Adelaide Hills | - Clare Valley
33
Region in Fleurieu Zone
McLaren Vale
34
Region in Limestone Coast Zone
Coonawara
35
Port Phillip Zone Regions
- Yarra Valley - Morninton Peninsula - Geelong - Macedon Ranges
36
Regions in Western Victoria Zone
- Grampians - Pyrenees - Henty
37
Regions in North East Victoria Zone
- King Valley | - Beechworth
38
Regions in Central Victoria Zone
- Goulburn Valley - Bendigo - Uppel Goulburn - Heathcote
39
New South Wales zones and regions
Hunter Valley Zone - Hunter Central Ranges Zone - Orange - Mudgee - Cowra Southern New South Wales Zone - Canberra District - Hilltops - Tumbarumba Big Rivers
40
Western Australia Zones and regions
South West Ausralia Zone - Margaret River - Great Southern - Albany - Denmark - Mount Barker - Frankland River - Porongurup Greater Perth
41
Sub Regions in Greath Southern
- Albany - Denmark - Mount Barker - Frankland River - Porongurup
42
South Australia
Largest wine producing state by volume (50%) Diversity of climate, topography and soils South Australia Zone covers the whole state and is also part of South East Australia Zone
43
Barossa Valley
Plain protected by low hills on the west and Adelaide Hills on the south One of Australia's largest wine regions (9,000ha) Sheltered location - warm climate - low rainfall (160mm) irrigation necessary - low disease pressure - valley sides a bit cooler Complex soils - ironstone layer (north) - water retaining - some of the most ageworthy wines Large stock of old vines - Shiraz, Grenache (low yielding, dry farmed) - Barossa Old Vine Charter (appears on label) Shiraz (60%) - full body, high alcohol, soft tannins, ripe (cooked, dried) fruit. American oak is traditional (French is on increase) - spicy, leatherly with bottle age Cabernet Sauvignon - cooler, higher sites - richer, riper than Coonawara or Margaret Grenache and Rhone blends Some Chardonnay and Semillon (barrel aged) Producers: John Duval, Glaetzer Wines
44
Which Australian region has a chart for old vines which appear on the label
Barossa
45
Eden Valley
In Barossa Zone (not valley at all, rolling hills) Can be steep enought to limit mìechanization (over 600m) - cooler with altitude ``` Higher rainfall than Barossa (230mm) Strong wind (affecting flowering) ``` Soils with good water holding capacity - dry farming common Known for old vines - Shiraz, Riesling, Grenache Equal production of white and red Riesling signature - dry, high acidity, med alcohol (lemon, lime) - can age very well (honey, nuts, toast) Shiraz - higher acidity, more structured tannins,lower alcohol (compare to Barossa) Producers: Henschke, Pewsey Vale
46
Adelaide Hills region
(part of Mount Lofty Ranges Zone) One of Australia's oldest regions - characterised by valleys and steep hillsites (restrict mechanization) Maritime cool to moderate climate (altitude moderation and ocean) - high diurnal range - retain acidity Relatively high rainfall levels (300mm) - collected in dams (irrigation) + underground water for irrigation - relatively high humidity (fungal diseases) Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay (both still and sparkling) Gruner Veltliner, Arneis, Fiano Pinot Noir (also for sparkling) - tend to have more tannins than Victoria Shiraz and Italian varieties - Sangiovese, Nebbiolo Alternative varieties and low intervention styles Producers: Penfolds, Shaw + Smith
47
Clare Valley
(part of Month Lofty Ranges Zone) ``` Warm climate (tempered by cool afternoon breezes and cold nights) - wide diurnal range 300-500m ``` Not particularly steep slopes (mechanization possible) Rain (250mm), Dams for irrigation - low humidity (low disease pressure) Small family owned vineyards (72% black varieties) - Shiraz, Cabernet (eucaluptus, minty notes) Well known for Riesling (25%) - sunburn issue (thick canopies) - dry fermented, lime aroma, higher acidity than in Eden - Polish Hill - slate soil - less aromatic and suitable for bottle ageing - Waterwale - more fertile soils - more aromatic Producers: Jim Barry, Wenduree
48
Two sites for Riesling in Clare Valley
Polish Hill - slate soils - less aromatic - more suitable for ageing Watervale - more fertile soils - more aromatic
49
McLaren Vale
(part of Fleurieu Zone) Gulf St. Vincent to west and Adellaide Hills to east Warm to hot summers (maritime) with winds from Gulf (moderating temperatures and lowering disease pressure) ``` Low rainfall (less than 200mm) - low disease pressure - ideal for organic ``` Altitude and proximity to ocean decides on site Complex geology - sand to loam to clay - Poor north, fertile south 90% red wine (high volume to premium) - Mainly Shiraz then Cabernet, Grenache - large stock of old vines - Shiraz, Grenache - increased interest in Sangiovese, Fiano, Vermentino Dominated by large vinayards (planted to allow mechanization) Sustainable Winegrowing Australia (water use) Producers: Hardys, Mollydooker, Yangarra
50
Coonawara
Part of Limestone Coast Zone Reputation for excellent quality Cabernet Moderate climate - moderated by sea breezes - compared to Bordeaux - wide diurnal range - relatively flat, so maritime influence can travel far inland - Cloud cover moderates temperature Relatively low rainfall (260mm) - irrigation used but some dry-farm - water from uderground aquifers Strong winds Spring frost can be problem (sprinklers) Terra rossa soil (expensive locations) - free draining iron-rich loam over limestone base - slightly alcaline - reduces uptake of nutrients - Controls vigour - low yields of concentrated grapes Cabernet (mint, eucalyptus, oak ageing) Shiraz (lighter than Barossa) Chardonnay, Riesling, Remote location - problem with labour (mechanization) Producers: Katnook, Wynns
51
Soil typical for Coonawara
Terra rossa - free draining iron-rich loam over limestone base - slightly alcaline - reduces uptake of nutrients - Controls vigour - low yields of concentrated grapes
52
Victoria general
Split into six smaller zones 3rd state in terms of production - more focused on quality (beside Murray-Darling Basin) Phylloxera remains threat here - number of recent outbreaks (Yarra Valley) - replanting program underway
53
Yarra Valley
part of Port Phillip Zone Cool to moderate climate with maritime influence - 50-350m - Upper Yarra - cooler, higher altitude - Lower Yarra - warmer, lower altitude - frost can be danger (cool air sinking from gentle hills) 450-500mm (one of wettest regions) - high humidity - fungal disease threat - Lower Yarra - well drained (loamy clay) - irrigates - Upper Yarra - deeper, volcanic soils - dry farmed Pinot Noir (50+ %) - whole bunch increasing - Mix of new and used oak Chardonnay (25%) - white peach, grapefruit, melon - one of firts regions to move from oaky tropical full style - new and old oak used - may use high degree of solids (smoky, reductive) - some lees contact, malo often avoided Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon (lower warmer parts) Producers: Mount Mary, Yarra Yering
54
Mornington Peninsula
Part of Port Phillip Zone Port Phillip Bay on one side and Bass Strait (separates from Tasmania) on the other Cool to moderate climate - strong cooling influence of wind (avoids frost) - moderating influence of water - mild autumn conditions - high humidity (disease limited by wind) - up to 390mm Relatively flat (Red Hill runds along centre of Peninsula) - up to 250m - red basalt soils (Red Hill) - retain winter water - no irrigation needed - fertile soils (vigour can be problem - Lyre trellising) - away from the ridge - freedraining soils - irrigation needed ``` Pinot Noir (45%) range of styles - cold soaking often practised - whole bunch or stem inclusion may be - many aged in French oak (proportion new) Chardonnay (25%) - med body, high acidity - lees ageing and oak ageing (only small % of new) - some use malo for rounder style Shiraz, Pinot Grispa ``` High land prices (tourism and holiday homes) - small vineries with cellar doors and restaurants Producers: Yabby Lake, Paringa, Paradigm Hill, Ten Minutes by Tractor, Mooroodoc Estate, Kooyong
55
Soil in Red Hill (Mornington Peninsula)
Red basalt - retains winter water - no irrigation needed
56
Geelong
Part of Port Phillip Zone where Phiylloxera was first discovered in Australia Cool climate - close Port Phillip Bay and Bass Strait - moderating - strong south west winds - reduce humidity (disease) Chardonnay and Pinot Noir (cooler sites) - riper and fuller (than Yarra) - proportion of whole bunch Shiraz, Cabernet (warmer) Producers: Paradise IV Wines, Wines By Farr
57
Macedon Ranges
Part of Port Phillip Zone around 40 quality focused wineries part of Great Dividing Range - 300-800m (one of coolest vineyards in mainland) - careful site is essential - reduce frost and enhance ripening - granitic sandy loam - naturally reduces yield ``` Chardonnay and Pinot Noir (Still and sparkling) Elegant Riesling (specialty) Shiraz - distinctive black pepper (needs warm vineyard and sunny year) ```
58
Grampians
Part of Western Victoria Zone Extention of Great Dividing Ridge ``` Moderate climate (by altitude 240-440m) - wide diurnal range (retaining acidity) - slopes reduce risk of spring frost (lower vineyards are at risk) - relatively low rainfall (250mm) - sandy loamy soils retain water well - many vineyards do not need irrigation - quite acidic soils - reduced vigour ``` Shiraz -medium body, peppery and spicy - vary from fresh red fruit (cool sites) to concentrated black fruit (warmer sites) Producer: Mount Langi Ghiran
59
Pyrenees
Part of Western Australia Zone Extention of Great Dividing Ridge relatively gentle slopes (lower than Grampians - warmer) ``` Moderate climate - wide diurnal range (retaining acidity) - slopes reduce risk of spring frost (lower vineyards are at risk) - relatively low rainfall (250mm) - sandy loamy soils retain water well - many vineyards do not need irrigation - quite acidic soils - reduced vigour ``` Shiraz -medium body, peppery and spicy - vary from fresh red fruit (cool sites) to concentrated black fruit (warmer sites) Producer: Dalwhinnie
60
Henty
Part of Western Australia Zone One of coldest mainland regions - influenced by cold Antarctic winds - but high number of sunshine hours - 0-460m Riesling (signature) - high acidity, pronounced lemon, lime Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Cabernet (all fresh styles with moderate alcohol)
61
King Valley
Part of North East Victoria Zone up to 860m - very cool temperatures - relatively high rainfall - disease concern - temparatures rise down the slope (still moderated by river) - generally well drained loam with high fertility (vigour) Higher sites - lighter bodied whites Settled by Italian immigrants - Pinot Gris (often in Pinot Grigio style) - Glera/Prosecco (for sparkling wine) - Sangiovese, Barbera, Nebbiolo Majority consumed domestically (difficult to sell internationally - relatively expensive due to small volume) Producers: Pizzini, de Bortoli
62
Beechworth
Part of North East Victoria Zone in hills south of Rutherglen - 200-1,000m - wide range of mesoclimates Chardonnay, Shiraz (med bodied), Pinot Noir, Sangiove, Nebbiolo
63
Rutherglen
Part of North East Victoria Zone Continental climate Flat plains Famous for fortified and full-bodied reds
64
Goulburn Valley
Part of Central Victoria Zone warm flat plains Ripe full bodied reds + Viognier, Marsanne, Roussanne
65
Bendigo
Part of Central Victoria Zone warm flat plains Ripe full bodied reds
66
Upper Goulburn
Part of Central Victoria Zone cooler region in foothills of Great Dividing Range - high quality Chardonnay and aromatic whites - Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc
67
Heathcote
Part of Central Victoria Zone narrow strip along Mount Carmel Range at 160-320m - altitude moderates temperature - southerly winds funnelled along slopes - wide diurnal range - consistent rainfall over 250mm (no frost problems) - calcareous red soil from weathered greenstone - good water retention - dry farming common 84% red wine - Shiraz (distinctive high acidity, full body, high alcohol) - up to outstanding quality Producers: Jasper Hill, Heathcote Estate
68
Gippsland Zone
unofficially divided into 5 regions Mostly small family owned wineries Coastal flats and hillside slopes 420-530mm rain Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot
69
New South Wales general information
Second largest producing state Moderate to high temperatures sub-tropical climate noth of Sydney, high humidity and rainfall - Hunter Valley heavily influenced Most of regions protected from tropical weather by Great Dividing Range - continental climate - hot and dry - Big Rivers - Riverina Altitude also plays role as cooling influence
70
Hunter Valley Zone
One region - Hunter (slightly smaller area than Hunter Valley) 3 official sub-regions but also often split unofficially into Lower Hunter and Upper Hunter 32-33'S almost tropical climate - one of hottest and most humid regions in Australia - relatively cool nights - low latitude - intense sunshine - afternoon cloud cover - 500mm - high humidity (fungal diseases!) - irrigation not required Lower Hunter - sea breezes (closer to coast) - relatively low altitude Equal part of white and red Famous for unique Semillon - dry, light bodied, high acidity, low alcohol - delicate citrus, neutral in youth - can age for decades - toast, honey, hay - usually picked early, pressed without skin contact - fermented at moderate temp in steel and finished in bottle shortly after - rarely see any oak Producers: Tyrrell's and Mount Pleasant Also: Chardonnay (oaked and unoaked) Shiraz
71
Hunter Semillon expression and winemaking
- dry, light bodied, high acidity, low alcohol - delicate citrus, neutral in youth - can age for decades - toast, honey, hay - usually picked early, pressed without skin contact - fermented at moderate temp in steel and finished in bottle shortly after - rarely see any oak Producers: Tyrrell's and Mount Pleasant
72
Regions producing high volume wines
Riverina Murray-Darling (together Big Rivers) Riverland
73
Orange
Part of Central Ranges Often labelled 'Orange Region) Continental climate - altitude cooling influence (spring frost issues) - wide diurnal range - Shaded by ranges from tropical weather and rain Vineyards on slopes of Mount Canobolas (volcano) - 600-900m - deep red volcanic basalt, yellow/brown clay and shallow gravel - windy - lower frost pressure ``` Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon Chardonnay (planted higher) - malo is usual - subtle oak, potential to age Sauvignon Blanc (high quality) Pinot Gris ``` Producers: Ross Hill, Tamburlaine
74
Mudgee
Part of Central Ranges Zone (adjacent to Hunter Valley) Lower and warmer than Orange (riper fruit) Continental climate - altitude cooling influence (spring frost issues) - wide diurnal range - Shaded by ranges from tropical weather and rain Black varieties dominated - Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon
75
Cowra
Part of Central Ranges Zone Lower and warmer than Orange (riper fruit) Continental climate - altitude cooling influence (spring frost issues) - wide diurnal range - Shaded by ranges from tropical weather and rain Dominated by Chardonnay
76
Cowra
Part of Central Ranges Zone Lower and warmer than Orange (riper fruit) Continental climate - altitude cooling influence (spring frost issues) - wide diurnal range - Shaded by ranges from tropical weather and rain Dominated by Chardonnay
77
Canberra District
Part of Southern New South Wales (only 2 vineyards in Canberra) Sheltered from maritime influence by Snowy Mountains - continental climate - cooling influence from altitude - 500-850m - large diurnal range, high light intensity - frost can be issue - relatively dry summer - irrigation Mainly black varieties - Shiraz, Shiraz-Viognier blends White: Riesling Producers: Clonakilla and Ravensworth
78
Hilltops region
Part of Southern New South Wales increasingly recognised for quality Continental climate (Shletered from maritime influence by Snowy Mountains) Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay
79
Tumbarumba
Part of Southern New South Wales increasingly recognised for quality Continental climate (Shletered fro maritime influence by Snowy Mountains) Slightly cooler than Hilltops Pinot Noir and Chardonnay (still and sparkling)
80
Tasmania
Separated from mainland by Bass Strait Less than 1% of Australian production by volume - but key producer of premium wines - well known for sparkling wines (1/3 of production) Cool Maritime climate (41-43'S) - westerly winds blow from Southern Ocean - bringing high level of rainfall (does not reach east) ``` Number of informal regions - Coal River - Tamar Valley - Piper's River (most of them sheltered by mountains from winds) ``` South - cooler, longer hours of sunlight - South-east - drier -irrigation often necessary - Vineyards tend to face north (east) to maximise sun - North-east (up to 350mm of rain) - fungal diseases (also danger of spring frost) - sprinklers Half red half white Pinot Noir (50%) - light to medium, med+ acidity, strawberry, cherry Chardonnay (25%) - med body, apple, white peach, pear - naturally high acidity - often full malo - all top wines barrel ageing (old or a bit of new) Other: Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Merlot, Cabernet, Shiraz Little is exported, strong domestic market Popular tourist destination - cellar door sales Producers: Tolpuddle, Tamar Ridge
81
What does separate Tasmania from the mainland?
Bass Strait
82
Name some of Tasmania's informal regions
- Coal River - Tamar Valley - Piper's River
83
Expression of Tasmania Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
Pinot Noir (50%) - light to medium, med+ acidity, strawberry, cherry Chardonnay (25%) - med body, apple, white peach, pear - naturally high acidity - often full malo - all top wines barrel ageing (old or a bit of new) Other: Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Merlot, Cabernet, Shiraz
84
Region in Western Australia which produces high volumes of inexpensive wine
Swan Valley extremey ripe grapes same latitude as Hunter Valley also fortified wines
85
Margaret River
Part of South West Australia Zone Surrounded by water on three sides (Indian and Southern Ocean) - moderating effect - Warm Indian Ocean - temp do not drop too much at night - longer ripening each day (ripe fruit character) - low spring frost problems - relatively dry growing season 275mm (1000mm in a year) Relatively flat with gentle hills and valleys (40-90m) - low ridge runs down the centre of region (with free-draining gravel soils - irrigation necessary) - low fertility - ridge provides some shelter for vineyards to the east Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon (most planted) - tend to be blend (gooseberry, tropical) But known for Chardonnay - natural high acidity, med+ (full) body and concentrated stone fruit flavours - Malo tends to be blocked - full range of styles - well-suited to barrel ferment and maturation (some new French oak) - lees contact Producers: Leeuwin and Moss Wood
86
Margaret River Chardonnay
- natural high acidity, med+ (ful) body and concentrated stone fruit flavours - Malo tends to be blocked - full range of styles - well-suited to barrel ferment and maturation (some new French oak) - lees contact
87
Great Southern
Part of South West Australia Zone Five official sub-regions - Albany (maritime) - Denmark (maritime) - Mount Barker - Porungurup - Frankland River (important altitude, more continental) Maritime influence is lower further inland Rainfall between 220 and 350mm - many dry farmed or low irrigation - problematic due to high salinity Shiraz (30%) - Mount Barker and Frankland River (warmer) - high acidity and tannin, med to full body - blackberry, cherry, herbal, peppery, spicy - some use proportion of new bunches - Producers: Larry Cherubino and Howard Park Cabernet Sauvignon - Mount Barker and north Denmark - powerful, balckcurrant, herbal - Porongurup (more elegant, med body, savoury) ``` Riesling (Porungurup) Sauvignon Blanc (Albany, Denmark) Chardonnay ```
88
Five sub-regions of Great Southern
- Albany (maritime) - Denmark (maritime) - Mount Barker - Porungurup - Frankland River (important altitude, more continental)
89
Wine business
Dominated by smaller producers Many growers have contracts to sell to larger companies Wine Australia - research and development - controls export - promotes Australian wine 5th largest exporter (2/3 of production) - great rise in volume but also value - Chardonnay, Shiraz, Cabernet - China (super-premium) - Free trade agreement - UK, USA Domestic market - Cellar door sales - well established wine tourism - websites and online shops are very common for direct sales - interest in less-common varieties (encouraging experimentation)
90
5 main companies dominating market
``` Accolade Wines Casella Family Brands Treasury Wine Estates Pernod Ricard Australian Vintage ``` 87% of all exports
D3: Wines of the World
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Decks in class (30)
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