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Biology 1 > ch 4 and 5 > Flashcards

ch 4 and 5 Flashcards

1
Q

In 1609 _______ used 2 lenses in a cylinder and saw insect eyes

A

Galileo Galilei

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2
Q

In 1665 ______ saw cellulae in a cork

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

In 1683 _______ saw small animalcules

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

In 1820 _______ saw the nucleus (A eukaryotic organelle that can best be seen with the light microscope is the nucleus)

A

Robert Brown

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5
Q

_______accepted by biologist as applying to virtually all forms of life.

A

Cell Theory

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6
Q

Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were responsible of the ________

A

Cell Theory

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7
Q

A _____ is the smallest unit of life

A

Cell

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8
Q

What are all living things made up of?

A

Cells

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9
Q

_______ cells come from pre-existing cells

A

New

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10
Q

What is before the nucleus?

A

Prokaryote Cells

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11
Q

single circular DNA in _______ and accessory small rings of DNA called ______

A

Nucleoid region, Plasmids

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12
Q

______ enzymes synthesize proteins

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

_______ regulates transport in and out of cell

A

Cell membrane

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14
Q

Rigid _______ surrounds the cell membrane

A

Cell wall

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15
Q

sometimes have a polysaccharide _________(sugar coating) capsule or a gelatinous slime layer ______ the cell wall

A

Glycocalyx, outside

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16
Q

_________ are tubes used by bacteria to pass DNA from cell to cell.

A

Conjugation pilli

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17
Q

__________ are small, bristle like fibers that attach to an appropriate surface.

A

Fimbriae

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18
Q

__________ “true nucleus” containing the chromosomes

A

Eukaryote cells

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19
Q

_________ contain many organelles: sacs of “little organs” with specific cell functions

A

Eukaryote cells

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20
Q

______ contains membrane bound compartments

A

Eukaryote cells

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21
Q

______ must remain small size and the ________ cell is more advantageous for the exchange of molecules because of its greater surface-area-to volume ratio

A

Cell size, small

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22
Q

________ restores the amount of surface area needed for adequate

A

Cell division

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23
Q

As the linear dimensions of a cell _________, the volume ________ twice as fast as the surface area.

A

Increase, increase

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24
Q

Materials must be moved quickly and efficiently through the ________

A

Cytoplasm

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25
Q

The ________ can only control a certain amount of cytoplasm

A

nucleus

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26
Q

Nutrients and wastes must enter and leave the cell through the ___________

A

Plasma membrane

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27
Q

________ is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins attached separates and protects cell contents from outside the selectively permeable membrane

A

Cell membrane

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28
Q

What is everything between the nuclear membrane and plasma membrane?

A

Cytoplasm

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29
Q

What is the control center and site of DNA and RNA synthesis.

A

Nucleus

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30
Q

What forms ribosomes and RNA?

A

Nucleolus

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31
Q

What is all of the DNA molecules & associated proteins

A

Chromatin

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32
Q

What has 1 DNA strand & its associated proteins

A

Chromosomes

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33
Q

_______ is hereditary material and directs protein synthesis.

A

DNA

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34
Q

_______ can be seen with a light microscope

A

RNA

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35
Q

__________ makes and transports large molecules

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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36
Q

________ has ribosomes to make proteins, attaches carbohydrate molecules to proteins

A

Rough ER

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37
Q

_________ enzymes make lipid and attaches proteins and lipid molecules

A

Smooth ER

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38
Q

_______ and ______ makes steroids

A

Adrenal cortex and testes

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39
Q

_________ detoxifies drugs

A

Liver

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40
Q

1 _______ release Ca++ for muscle contraction

A

muscles

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41
Q

________ is high energy storage

A

Seeds

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42
Q

_______ is the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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43
Q

________ leaves the nucleus and forms ribosomes in the cytoplasm where it becomes free

A

Ribosomal units

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44
Q

________ are composed of RNA and protein

A

Ribosomes

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45
Q

______ links amino acids -> peptides -> proteins

A

rRNA

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46
Q

________ brings amino acids to the ribosome

A

tRNA

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47
Q

________ looks like stacked flat bags packages,

A

Golgi Bodies

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48
Q

_______ has double membranes

A

Golgi bodies

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49
Q

__________ stores and distributes lipids and proteins made in the ER.

A

Golgi Bodies

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50
Q

__________ breaks off pieces as secretory vesicles for distribution

A

Golgi bodies

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51
Q

_________ gives rise to both lysosomes and vesicles

A

Golgi Bodies

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52
Q

digestive enzymes (have a very low pH)

A

Lysosomes

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53
Q

_________ breaks down polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids and some lipids

A

Lysosomes

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54
Q

________ engulf bacteria

A

White blood cells

55
Q

_______ is when no lysosomes die from wastes by 3-4 years

A

Genetic disease

56
Q

What is it when rheumatoid arthritis releases lysosomes into body

A

auto immune disease

57
Q

_______ powerhouse produces ATP

A

Mitochondria

58
Q

________ is site of (aerobic) cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

59
Q

______ is the inner folded membrane

A

Cristae

60
Q

________ speed up chemical reactions

A

enzymes

61
Q

_______ found in liver and muscle cells and contain ribosomes and their own DNA

A

Enzymes

62
Q

_______ is cell shape, supports, transports, movement, cell division interconnected system of fibers.

A

Cytoskeleton

63
Q

_______ is composed of globular protein called _______

A

microtubules, tubular

64
Q

long thin protein fibers in movement

A

actin fibers

65
Q

short, fat protein fibers in movement

A

Myosin fibers

66
Q

keratin

A

hair cells and finger nails

67
Q

_______ are located at the base of cilia and flagella

A

Basal bodies

68
Q

are small extensions of membrane – surrounded

microtubules.

A

Cilia

69
Q

Flagella have a 9 + 2 pattern of ________ structure

A

Microtubule

70
Q

______ found in the microtubule organizing centers of

animals

A

Centrioles

71
Q

________ storage sacks, lipids, pigments, carbohydrates, water, mucous

A

Inclusions

72
Q

hair like projections for movement

A

Cilia

73
Q

Cells lining the ________ move substances over the surface of the cell.

A

Respiratory tract

74
Q

function in cell division occurring in animal cells (lacking in plants)

A

Centrioles

75
Q

form spindles, pull chromosomes apart in cell division

A

Microtubules

76
Q

________ membrane bound vesicle contains enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids

A

Peroxisomes

77
Q

Peroxisomes oxidizes small molecules with the formation of _________.

A

hydrogen peroxide.

78
Q

converts harmful peroxide to water and breaks down alcohol in liver and kidney

A

Small vesicles

79
Q

1 Some cell junctions are______________

A

Plasmodesmata and desmosomes

80
Q

_________ link epithelial tissues that line body cavities and organs, fuse with neighboring strands, form a tight seal

A

Tight junctions

81
Q

_________ are spot welds cells, used during stretching (skin, heart)

A

Adhering junctions

82
Q

________ are small open channels that directly link cytoplasm of cells, when needed for rapid flowing signals and substances

A

Gap junctions

83
Q

____________ is a series of intracellular membranes that compartmentalize the cell.

A

Endomembrane system

84
Q

organelles of photosynthesis or storage

A

Plastids

85
Q

__________ is photosynthesis convert light energy to carbohydrates

A

Chloroplast

86
Q

______ is stacked disks

A

Grana

87
Q

_________ is fluid that surrounds disks and forms sugars and starches, may store them temporarily

A

Stroma

88
Q

________ are red and brown pigments with no chlorophylls

A

Chromoplast

89
Q

store starch granules (potatoes, seeds)

A

Colorless amyloplasts

90
Q

_________ produced in and supports plant, algae and, bacterial cells.

A

Cell wall

91
Q

__________ are pliable so the cell can expand

A

Primary cell walls

92
Q

________ are deposited inside primary wall and

may be 2 layers separated by pectin

A

Secondary cell wall

93
Q

_________ are channels cross adjacent walls and connect cytoplasms

A

Plasmodesmata

94
Q

_________ storage in membrane enclosed sack

A

Vacuoles

95
Q

____________ converts stored fats to sugars for rapid early growth

A

Glyoxysomes

96
Q

__________ is when prokaryotes may have entered eukaryote cells and evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Endosymbiotic theory

97
Q

__________ are similar in size and structure to

bacteria.

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

98
Q

________ is the structure of the plasma membrane

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

99
Q

__________ is boundary of the cell that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell

A

Plasma membrane structure

100
Q

Plasma membrane is a __________

A

Phospholipid bilayer

101
Q

Each phospholipid molecule has a polar _________ head that is attracted to polar water molecules and two nonpolar _________ tails that face away from water and toward tails of other layer.

A

Hydrophilic , Hydrophobic

102
Q

___________ are similar to phospholipids except polar head has carbohydrate molecules attached.

A

Glycolipids

103
Q

_____________ are integral proteins embedded in the membrane with carbohydrate chains that project externally; they are unique for cell identity.

A

Glycoproteins

104
Q

_________ is animal lipid, a steroid that reduces permeability of the cell membrane

A

Cholesterol

105
Q

__________ is the major chemical that functions to stiffen animal cell membranes, and thus regulates the fluidity of the animal cell membrane.

A

Cholesterol

106
Q

Proteins extending into the cell from inside layer serve as links to ___________

A

Cytoskeletal filaments

107
Q

___________ is a fluid bilayer with consistency of olive oil.

A

Plasma membrane

108
Q

__________ proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

A

Integral

109
Q

_________ proteins are attached to the inner face of the membrane thats in the cytoskeleton

A

Peripheral

110
Q

Transport Protein: ________ allow molecules or ions to move across membrane

A

Channel proteins

111
Q

Transport Protein:_________ combine with a particular substance to move it across membrane.

A

Carrier proteins

112
Q

____________ bind to a specific molecule (hormone) due to its shape.

A

Receptor proteins

113
Q

____________ carry out specific metabolic reactions

A

Enzymatic proteins

114
Q

___________ are usually glycoproteins

A

Cell recognition proteins

115
Q

__________ are glycoproteins that keep cells connected to each other.

A

Adhesion proteins

116
Q

___________ join animal cells so tissues can function.

A

Junction proteins

117
Q

Plasma Membrane Functions: recognition, protection, communication, __________ allows certain molecules to pass in/out of the cell and responds to the environment.

A

selectively

118
Q

________ transport does not require energy

A

Passive

119
Q

__________ transport requires cell energy.

A

Active

120
Q

_______________ is a physical process where molecules move down a concentration gradient from higher to lower concentration until equally distributed.

A

Diffusion

121
Q

____________ (alcohols) pass easily through the lipid membrane.

A

Lipid soluble molecules

122
Q

Gases such as _______ and _________ diffuse easily through alveoli, capillaries, and blood plasma membranes

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide

123
Q

___________ is a net movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of greater concentration to a region of lesser concentration.

A

Osmosis

124
Q

__________ solutions hold cells stable since solute concentration is same on both sides of the membrane

A

Isotonic

125
Q

__________ solutions cause cells to swell

A

Hypotonic

126
Q

__________ solutions allow cells to shrivel

A

Hypertonic

127
Q

_________ proteins can combine with only a certain type of molecule, which is transported through the membrane.

A

Carrier

128
Q

__________ transport occurs when certain sugars and amino acid molecules are transported across the membrane by a carrier protein.

A

Facilitated

129
Q

_______ transport transports a molecule across a membrane against the concentration gradient from a lesser to a greater concentration, and it requires energy (ATP)

A

Active

130
Q

__________– sodium and potassium ions are moved across the plasma membrane by active transport in nerve and muscle cells.

A

Sodium potassium pump

131
Q

__________ occurs when the plasma membrane forms a vesicle around a substance to be taken into the cell; requires energy

A

Endocytosis

132
Q

___________ (cell eating) occurs when large sized material is taken into the cell by forming a vesicle

A

Phagocytosis

133
Q

__________ (cell drinking) occurs when liquids or small molecules such as proteins are taken into cell by forming vesicle

A

Pinocytosis

134
Q

___________ is where intracellular vesicles formed by Golgi apparatus transports cell products out of the cell when vesicle fuses with plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

Biology 1 (8 decks)

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