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Physiology > Ch 4: Tissue > Flashcards

Ch 4: Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

List the functions of the epithelial tissue

A
  1. Protection
  2. Absorption
  3. Filtration
  4. Excretion
  5. Secretion
  6. Sensory reception
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2
Q

What are 2 main types of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelia

2. Glandular epithelia

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3
Q

Are epithelia polar and non polar?

A

Polar

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4
Q

What are the properties of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Specialized contact
  3. Connective tissue support
  4. Avascular
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5
Q

Describe the apical surface

A
  1. Smooth and slick
  2. Contain microvilli
  3. Some are ciliated
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6
Q

Describe the basal surface

A
  1. Basal lamina
  2. Adhesive sheet
  3. Selective filter
  4. Scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair
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7
Q

Describe specialized contact

A
  • Covering and lining epithelial tissues fitting closely together forming continuous sheets
  • Bind adjacent cells laterally with tight junctions and desmosomes
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8
Q

What are the 2 structures provide connective tissue support?

A
  1. Reticular lamina: deep to basal lamina

2. Basement membrane: basal lamina + reticule lamina

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9
Q

What does it mean to be avascular but innervated?

A

No blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers

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10
Q

What stimulates regeneration?

A
  1. Loss in polarity in apical or basal surfaces

2. Lateral contact

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11
Q

How is regeneration restored?

A

Nutrients

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12
Q

Which layer would face the lumen or outside environment?

A

Apical

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13
Q

What are the structural classifications for epithelia?

A
  1. Number of cell layers

2. Shape of cells

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14
Q

What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelia?

A
  • Simple epithelia: single layer

- Stratified epithelia: 2 or more layers

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15
Q

What are the different the epithelia cell shapes?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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16
Q

What are functions of simple epithelia?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Secretion
  3. Filtration
  4. Very thin
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17
Q

What are the functions of stratified epithelia?

A

Protection

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18
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelia?

A

Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not required

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19
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelia found?

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Mesothelium
    In kidneys and lung airsick, blood vessels
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20
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelia?

A

Secretion and absorption

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21
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelia found?

A

Kidney tubules and secretory ducts

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22
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelia?

A

Absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes

Cilia propells mucus

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23
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelia found?

A

Digestive tract. gallbladder, tubes

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24
Q

What are the functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

A

Absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes

Cilia propells mucus

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25
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelia?
Trachea
26
List the types of simple epithelia
1. Simple squamous 2. Simple cuboidal 3. Simple columnar 4. Pseudostratified columnar
27
List the different stratified epithelia
1. Stratified squamous | 2. Transitional
28
What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelia?
Protection underlying tissues subjected to abrasions
29
Where are stratified squamous epithelia found?
Nonkeratinized forms of moist linings in esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized forms in epidermis
30
What are the functions of transitional epithelium?
Stretches readily increasing storage in urinary organs
31
Where are transitional epithelium found?
Ureters, bladders, and urethra
32
What is an example glandular epithelia?
Glands
33
Define gland
One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called secretion
34
How are glands classified?
1. Site of product release: endocrine or exocrine | 2. Number of cells forming the gland: unicellular or multicellular
35
Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands
Endocrine: ductless, hormones are secreted directly into lymph and blood Exocrine: ducts, secretions released onto the body’s surfaces into body cavity
36
What are functions of connective tissue?
1. Binding and support 2. Protecting 3. Insulating 4. Storing reserve fuel 5. Transporting substances (blood)
37
Describe the 2 components of connective tissue
1. Have varying degrees of vascularity | 2. Have extracellular matrix
38
What are the 3 structural elements of connective tissue?
1. Ground substance 2. Fibers 3. Cells
39
What is the unstructured material that fills space of cells in connective tissue?
Ground substance
40
What are the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue?
1. Collagen 2. Elastic fibers 3. Reticular
41
Which fibers provides tough and high tensile strength?
Collagen
42
Which long, thin fibers provide stretch and recoil?
Elastic fibers
43
What are the short, fine fibers that give connective tissue give?
Reticular
44
Differentiate blasts vs. cytes
Blasts: immature cells that secrete ground substance and fibers Cytes: mature cells maintaining the matrix
45
What are examples of blast cells?
1. Fibroblasts 2. Chondroblasts 3. Osteoblasts 4. Hematopoietic stem cells
46
What are examples of cyte cells?
1. Chondrocytes | 2. Osteocytes
47
What are the types of connective tissues?
1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3. Reticular 4. Dense regular 5. Dense irregular 6. Elastic 7. Cartilage 8. Bone 9. Blood
48
What are the functions of areolar tissue?
- Reservoir of water and salts - Cushions organs and plays a role in inflammation - Prototype cells
49
What's the term when areolar tissue soaks up fluid when inflamed?
Edema
50
What are components of an areolar matrix?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and WBC
51
What cell initiates local inflammation response against foreign microorganisms
Mast cells
52
What are phagocytic cells that eat dead cells?
Macrophages
53
Where are areolar tissue found?
Under epithelia body forming lamina propria
54
What is the function of adipose tissue?
Stores food for fuel Insulation Supports and protects organs
55
What is the adipose matrix comprised of?
Adipocytes | Matrix is areolar
56
What is the difference between white and brown fat?
White: richly vascularized, shock absorption, insulation, energy storage Brown: use lipid fuels to heat bloodstream
57
What are the functions of reticular tissue?
Supporting free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
58
What is another name for reticular cells?
Fibroblasts
59
What the function of dense regular tissue?
Tendons that are poorly vascularized that withstands tensile strength when being pulled in one direction
60
What is the difference between regular and irregular tissue?
Regular: Collagen fibers run parallel to direction of pull Irregular: Thicker and irregularly arranged
61
What are the functions of dense irregular tissue?
Resists tension from many directions providing structural strength
62
Where are dense irregular tissue found?
Dermis, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous covering of organs
63
What are the functions of elastic tissue?
Provides recoil after stretching, maintaining pulsatile flow of blood and lung inspiration
64
Where are elastic tissue found?
Arteries, bronchial tubes
65
Identify the 3 cartilages
1. Elastic 2. Hyaline 3. Fibrocartilage
66
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
Supports and reinforces, resists compressive stress
67
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Costal cartilage
68
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
It provides tensile strength allowing the absorbance of compressive shock
69
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee discs
70
What is the function of bone tissue?
Supports and protects body structures Stores calcium Synthesizes fat and blood cells Richly vascularized
71
What are three cells and their functions of bone?
1. Osteoblasts produce matrix 2. Osteocytes maintain that matrix 3. Osteons are the structural units
72
What are the functions of blood cells?
Transports gases, wastes, and nutrients
73
When is blood soluble?
During blood clotting
74
What are the components of blood tissue
1. RBC 2. WBC 3. Platelets
75
What are the 3 muscle tissue types?
1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
76
Are muscle cells vascularized?
Highly
77
What are the functions of skeletal tissue?
Provides voluntary movement and locomotion
78
What are the functions of cardiac tissue?
Controls involuntary controls of the heart providing circulation
79
What are the functions of smooth muscles?
Propels substances or objects along internal passageways
80
Which muscle tissue is multinucleated?
Skeletal
81
Which muscle tissue are uninucleated?
Cardiac and smooth
82
Which tissue do not regenerate?
Nervous and cardiac
83
What are specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses?
Neurons
84
What is the supporting cell that support, insulate, and protect neurons?
Neuroglia
85
What are the 3 types of covering and lining membrane?
1. Cutaneous 2. Mucous 3. Serous
86
What are examples of the cutaneous layer?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)
87
What lines the body cavities that are open the exterior?
Mucosae
88
What is the epithelial lining called?
Lamina propria
89
What is the layer in between parietal and visceral serosae called?
Serous fluid
90
Where is serosae found?
Ventral body cavity
91
What are the 2 major ways of tissue repair?
1. Regeneration | 2. Fibrosis
92
What's the difference between regeneration and fibrosis?
Regeneration: same kind of tissue replaces destroyed and restored to its original function Fibrosis: connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, original function is lost
93
What is the process of tissue repair?
1. Inflammation, clotting 2. Restores bood supply 3. Regeneration and fibrosis
94
What are the different regenerative capacities in other tissues?
1. Regenerate extremely well: epithelial, bone, areolar, dense irregular, blood in tissue 2. Moderate regenerating capacity: smooth muscle, dense regular 3. Virtually no functional regenerative capacity: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue in brain and spinal cord
95
Describe tissue changes that occur with age
1. Epithelia thinning will increase 2. Tissue repair less efficient 3. Bone, muscle, and nervous tissues begin atrophy 4. DNA mutations possible increases cancer risks

Physiology (22 decks)

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