Ch 5-Large Biological Molecules Flashcards
The Role of Carbohydrates
- To supply energy to all cells in the body
- sugars and polymers of sugars
Carbohydrate Classifications
Carbohydrates are dividded into four types: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides consist of a simple sugar; that is, they have the chemiical formula C6 H12 O6.
Disaccharides are two simple sugars.
Oligosaccharides are three to six monosaccharide units.
Polysaccharides are more than six.
Monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Fructose
Disaccharides
- Sucrose
Polysaccharides
- Starch
- Glycogen
Lipids
- Fats
- Composed of Glycerol, Fatty Acids
- Phospholipids
- two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
- Hydrophilic head mixes with water
- Hydrophobic tail does not mix with water
- Steroids
- Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
- Cholesterol
Role of Fats
- Functions
- Energy Storge
- Insulation
- Cushions
Saturated Fatty Acids
- Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible
- no double bonds
- Solidify in room temperature
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Have one or more double bonds
- Liquid at room temperature
- Ex: Oil
Role of Phospholipids
- Major component of cell membranes
- form a bilayer
Structure and Functions of Steroids
- Component of animal cell membrane
- Precursor for other steroids
- High level in blood contribute to cardiovascular disease
Amino Acids and Proteins
- Constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids
- amino acids are linked by peptide bonds
Four levels of Protein Organization
- Primary Structure
- The linear arrangement of AA in a polypeptide
- Secondary Structure
- Results from coiling and folding of polypeptide
- Has hydrogen bonds
- Alpha helix
- Beta pleated sheet
- Tertiary Structure
- Results from interactions between the R groups of the various amino acids
- Protein folding
- Has Hydrogen bonds, Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds, Disulfide bridge, Hydrophobic interactions
- Quaternary Structure
- When two or morre polypeptide chains associate to form onne macromolecule
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- When two or morre polypeptide chains associate to form onne macromolecule
Protein shape and how functions are linked
Protein shape and function are intricately linked; any change in shape caused in temperature or pH may lead to protein denaturation and a loss in function.
Nucleic Acids
- Store, Transmit, and help express hereditary information
- Monomer - Nuleotide
- Polymer - Ppolynucleotide
- Types
- DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA - Ribonuceic acid
DNA’s Structure and Role
- Two polynucleotide strands twisted around each other in double helix
- Two strands held by hydrogen bonds
- Antiparallel
- Complementary base paring
- A pairs with T
- C pairs with G
- Store and transmit genetic information
RNA’s Structure and Role
- Single strand
- Complementary pairing
- A pairs with U
- C pairs with G
- Protein synthesis
- Store genetic information - Viruses
