Ch 5 Metabolism Part 1

Question 1

the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism

“energy balancing act”

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

enzyme regulated chemical reaction that releases energy (building block for anabolic)
breakdown of complex organic compounds to simpler ones

Answer 2

catabolism

Question 3

reactions which use water and chemical bonds are broken

Answer 3

hydrolytic

Question 4

produce more energy than they consume

Answer 4

exergonic

Question 5

enzyme regulated energy requiring reactions
building up of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
anabolic or biosynthetic

Answer 5

anabolism

Question 6

reactions that release water

Answer 6

dehydration synthesis

Question 7

consume more energy than they produce

Answer 7

endergonic

Question 8

what does ATP do

Answer 8

stores energy derived from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive anabolic reactions

Question 9

sequences of chemical reactions that are determined by enzymes

Answer 9

metabolic pathways

Question 10

all atoms, ions, and molecules are continuously moving and are thus colliding with one another

Answer 10

collision theory

Question 11

what is collision determined by

Answer 11

velocities of particles, energy and chemical configurations

Question 12

this is collision energy required for a chemical reaction

also the amount of energy needed to disrupt the stable electronic configuration

Answer 12

activation energy

Question 13

frequency of collisions containing sufficient energy to bring about a reaction
this can be increased by increasing the temp

Answer 13

reaction rate

Question 14

when does the number of collisions increase

Answer 14

when pressure increases and the reactants are more concentrated

Question 15

these speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered

Answer 15

catalysts

Question 16

what serve as biological catalysts
typically accelerate chemical reactions
have an active site
and can exist in both active and inactive forms

Answer 16

enzymes

Question 17

this is formed by temperature binding of enzyme and reactants enables the collisions to be more efficient

Answer 17

enzyme substrate complex

Question 18

max number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule converts to product each second

Answer 18

turnover number

Question 19

these usually end in ase

consists of both apoenzyme and a cofactor

Answer 19

enzyme

Question 20

what is a apoenzyme

Answer 20

protein

Question 21

what is a cofactor

Answer 21

nonprotein

Question 22

what do the apoenzyme and cofactor together form

Answer 22

holoenzyme

Question 23

what is the cofactor if it is organic

Answer 23

coenzyme

Question 24

what is involved in catabolic (energy yielding reactions)

Answer 24

NAD+

Question 25

what is involved in anabolic (energy requiring reactions)

Answer 25

NADP+

Question 26

what function as electron carriers

Answer 26

NAD+, NADP+, FAD, FMN, CoA

Question 27

this has a role in synthesis and breakdown of fats

Answer 27

CoA

Question 28

what do enzymes lower

Answer 28

the activation energy of chemical reactions

Question 29

what are the five steps of enzyme action

Answer 29

1) surface of substrate contacts active site 2) temp compound forms 3) substrate molecule is transformed 4) transformed molecules are released from enzyme molecule 5) unchanged enzyme can now react with other substrates

Question 30

what are the factors that influence enzymatic activity

Answer 30

temperature, pH, substrate concentration, presence/absence of inhibitors

Question 31

loss of characteristic 3D structure(loses catabolic activity) breakage of hydrogen bonds

Answer 31

denaturation

Question 32

active site is always occupied by substrate or product molecules

Answer 32

saturation

Question 33

fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site its shape and chemical structure are similar to normal substrate

Answer 33

competitive inhibitors

Question 34

do not compete with the substrate for the enzyme's active site interact with another part of the enzyme

Answer 34

noncompetitive inhibitors

Question 35

this inhibitor binds to a site of the enzyme other than the substrate's binding site (enzymes's activity is reduced)

Answer 35

allosteric inhibition

Question 36

cyanid and fuloride permanently inactivate enzymes

Answer 36

enzyme poisons

Question 37

this is also known as end product inhibition

Answer 37

feedback inhibition

Question 38

what does feedback inhibition do

Answer 38

stops the cell from making more of a substance than it needs | generally acts on the first enzyme in a metabolic pathway

Question 39

this is a type of RNA functions as catalysts, have active sites that bind to substrates and are not used up in chemical reactions act on strands of RNA

Answer 39

ribozyme

Question 40

what does ATP have

Answer 40

high energy bonds or unstable bonds can be released quickly and easily provide the cell with readily available energy for anabolic reactions

Question 41

this is the removal of electrons from an atom or molecule, often produces energy

Answer 41

oxidation

Question 42

this occurs when something gains one or more electrons

Answer 42

reudction

Question 43

what is another name for an oxidation-reduction reaction

Answer 43

redox reaction

Question 44

loss of hydrogen atoms

Answer 44

dehydrogenation

Question 45

why do cells use these reactions in catabolism

Answer 45

to extract energy from nutrient molecules