Ch 6: Integumentary System Flashcards
Exam 2 Review (123 cards)
1
Q
The integumentary system consists of
A
- skin
- hair
- nails
- cutaneous glands
2
Q
The scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system is known as…
A
Dermatology
3
Q
Name the 3 layers of skin.
A
- epidermis
- dermis
- hypodermis
4
Q
In what layer of the skin are shots given?
A
hypodermis
5
Q
What is the piloerector muscle responsible for?
A
raising a hair to stand on end
6
Q
In what layer of skin is the bulb of a hair found?
A
dermis
7
Q
Thick skin is located where?
A
- palms of hand
- soles of feet
- well used finger and toe surfaces
8
Q
The skin absorbs what vitamin?
A
D
9
Q
Vitamin D helps us to absorb…
A
Calcium
10
Q
What are the four functions of skin?
A
- Sensation
- Thermoregulation
- Nonverbal communication
- Transdermal absorption
11
Q
What is the epidermis made of?
A
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
12
Q
What are the five types of cells in the epidermis?
A
- Stem cells
- Keratinocytes
- Melanocytes
- Tactile (or Merkel) cells
- Dendritic (or Langerhans) cells
13
Q
Tactile cells are also known as _______ cells
A
merkel
14
Q
Dendritic cells are also known as _______ cells.
A
Langerhans
15
Q
Characteristics of stem cells:
A
- undifferentiated cells that give tise to keratinocytes
- in deepest layer of epidermis (stratum basale)
16
Q
Characteristics of keratinocytes:
A
- great majority of epidermal cells
- synthesize keratin
17
Q
Characteristics of tactile/merkel cells:
A
- in basal layer of epidermis
- touch receptors associated with dermal nerve fibers
18
Q
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis (top to bottom)?
A
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
19
Q
Characteristics of stratum basale:
A
- single layer of cuboidal or columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on basement membrane
- Melanocytes and tactile/merkel cells are scattered throughout this layer
20
Q
Stem cells of stratum basale divide to…
A
- give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward skin surface
- replace lost epidermal cells
21
Q
Characteristics of stratum spinosum:
A
- produce keratin filaments which flattens cells as they migrate up.
- layer where dendric/langerhans cells are found
- thickest stratum of epidermis
- deepest cells capable of mitosis
22
Q
Characteristics of stratum granulosum:
A
- consits of three to five layers of flat keratinocytes
- contains dark-staning keratohyali granules
23
Q
Characteristics of stratum lucidum:
A
- only found in thick skin
- cells have no nucleus or other organelles (no translation)
24
Q
Keratinocytes are produced by _____ _____ in the stratum _______.
A
stem cells, basale
25
Mitosis requires an abundant supply of...
oxygen and nutrients.
26
In __ - ___ days, a keratinocyte makes its way to the skin surface and flakes off.
30-40
27
Water retention is important in preventing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
dehydration
28
What items are found in the dermal layer of skin?
* blood vessels
* glands
* nerve endings
* piloerecter muscles
* hair follicles and nail rooted
29
What are dermal papillae?
protrusions from dermis up into the epidermis layer to provide nutrients
30
The papillary layer is made of what type of tissue
areolar
31
What are the two layers of the dermis?
1. papillary layer
2. reticular layer
32
The reticular layer consists of what kind of tissue?
dense irregular connective tissue
33
Characteristics of hypodermis:
* made of areolar and adipose tissue
* layer for injections
* pads body
* binds skin to underlying tissues
34
Characteristics of subcutaneous fat:
* energy reservoir
* thermal insulation
* 8% thicker in women
35
Eumalanin =
brownish black
36
Pheomelanin =
a reddish yellow sulfur-containing pigment
37
True or False
People of different skin colors have the same number of melanocytes.
TRUE
38
Chacteristics of melanin in dark-skinned people:
* produce greater quantities of melanin
* melanin breaks down more slowly
* melanized cells seen throughout the epidermis
* melanin granuales spread out
39
Chacteristics of melanin in light-skinned people:
* melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus
* melanin breaks down more rapidly
40
Red pigment of red blood cells is called
hemoglobin
41
A yellow pigment concentrated in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat is called
Carotene
42
Blueness of skin from dificiency of oxygen in the circulating blood
Cyanosis
43
Abnormal redness of skin due to dialated cutaneous vessels is called
Erythema
44
Causes of erythema
* exercise
* hot weather
* sunburn
* anger
* embarrassment
45
Causes of cyanosis
* airway obstrcuction
* lung diseases
* cold weather
* cardiac arrest
46
Pale or ashen color when there is little blood flow through skin and the whtie color of dermal collagen is visible refers to
Pallor
47
Causes of pallor:
* emotional stress
* low blood pressure
* circulatory sock
* cold
* anemia
48
A genetic lack of melanin that results in white hair, pale skin and pink eyes
Albinism
49
Cause of albinism:
Inherited recessive, nonfunctional tyrosinase allele
50
What are causes of jaundice and how does it manifest?
* cancer
* hepatitis
* cirrhosis
* compromised liver function
* presents by a yellowing of the skin
51
Hematoma:
* mass of clotted blood showing through skin
* also called a bruise
52
The varied manifestation of skin color in humans was caused by
* geographic location and exposure to ultraviolet radiation
* northern/southern folk = lighter skin
* equatercentric folk = darker skin
53
What are two adverse effects of UVR?
1. skin cancer
2. breaks down folic acid needed for mitosis, fertility and fetal development
54
In what way is UVR positive?
stimulates synthesis of vitamin D
55
True or False
Altitude and dry air have nothing to do with skin pigmentation.
False
Andes, Tibet, Ethiopia peeps have darker skin than their lowland kin.
56
UVR accounts for up to \_\_% of variation in human skin color
77%
57
What are some other modern causes of variations in skin color?
* migration
* intermarriage
* darwinian sexual selection (pref of complexion in mate)
58
Friction ridges are also known as...
fingerprints
59
Friction ridges allow for...
the manipulation of small objects
60
Flexion lines are found...
where the skin folds during flexion of the joints
(fingers, elbows, etc)
61
Hemangiomas are also known as...
birthmarks
62
Flat, melanized patches on the skin are called
Freckles
63
Elevated melanized patches (often with hair) are called
moles
64
Moles should be wached for...
why?
changes in color, diameter or contour
may be skin cancer
65
Patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries are called a
Hemangioma or birthmark
66
The accessory organs of the skin are:
* hair
* nails
* cutaneous glands
67
Hair and nails are composed of mostly
dead, karatinized cells
68
Soft keratin makes up
stratum corneum of skin
69
Hard keratin makes up
hair and nails
70
What are the 3 kind of hair?
1. Lanugo
2. Vellus
3. Terminal
71
Characteristics of lanugo hair
fine downy fetal hair that appears in the last 3 months of development
72
Characteristics of vellus hair
* fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by birth
* two-thirds of hair on women (arm hair, etc)
* 1/10th of hair on men (in bald areas of the head)
* All hair of children except eyebrows, eyelashes and scalp
73
Characteristics of terminal hair
* longer, coarser, darker hair
* eyebrows, lashes, scalp
* after puberty: auxillary (pits) and pubic hair
* male facial hair and some on trunk and limbs
74
Name and give brief description of the 3 parts of a hair.
1. Bulb - swelling at the base in dermis or hypodermis. Only area that contains living hair cells
2. Root - the remainder of the hair between bulb and surface
3. Shaft - visible portion above the skin
75
Brown and black hair is rich in
eumelanin
76
Red hair has a slight amount of _______ but a high concentration of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
eumelanin, pheomelanin
77
Blonde hair has an intermediate amount of _______ and very little _______ .
pheomelanin, eumelanin
78
Gray and white hair results from scarcity or absence of _______ in the cortex and the presence of _______ in the medulla.
melanin, air
79
Regarding hair texture:
1. Straight hair is
2. Wavy hair is
3. Curly hair is
1. round
2. oval
3. relatively flat
80
Hirsutism:
excessive hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy
81
The nail plate is made of:
* free edge
* nail body
* eponychium (cuticle)
82
The nail root is the part that
goes under the skin at the bottom.
83
The nail fold is the area
where the nail and flesh of finger meet
84
The lighter color at the base of the nail is called the
lunule
85
Sweat is primarily a
protein-free filtrate of blood plasma
86
The acidity of sweat or acid mantle does what?
inhibits bacterial growth
87
Insensible perspiration
does not produce visible wetness of skin
(500 mL/day)
88
Diaphoresis:
sweating with wetness of skin
| (may lose 1 L of sweat per hr)
89
Sebum:
Oily secretion produced by sebaceous glands
90
Holocrine gland secrtion consists of...
broken down cells
91
Ceruminous glands produce..
Cerumen (earwax)
92
Purpose of cerumen?
* Keeps eardrum pliable
* Waterproofs the canal
* Kills bacteria
* Makes hairs of ear sticky to block foreign particals from entering
93
Prolactin is the...
hormone to produce milk
94
Expression of milk is encourged by
oxytocin
95
Three types of cancer:
1. basal cell carcinoma
2. squamous cell carcinoma
3. malignant melanoma
96
Characteristics of first degree burn:
* partial thickness burn
* involves only epidermis
* marked by redness and soreness
* ex. sunburn
97
Characteristics of second degree burn:
* involves epidermis AND part of dermis
* leaves part of dermis intact
* red, tan or white
* two weeks to several months to heal. May leave scar
* blistered, painful
98
Characteristics of third degree burn:
* full-thickness burn
* effects epidermis, all of dermis and some deeper tissues (muscles or bones) are destroyed
* often requires skin grafts
* needs fluid replacement and infection control
99
Autograft:
tissue taken from another location on the same person's body
100
Isograft:
skin from identical twin
101
Homograft:
skin from unrelated person
102
Heterograft:
skin from another species or amnion from afterbirth
103
What kind of gland secretes hormones?
endocrine
104
Melanin is the most significant factor in
skin color
105
Melanin is produced by
melanocytes
106
Melanin is spread throughout the keratinocytes of which layers of the epidermis?
Strutum spinsosum and basale
107
In what stratum of the epidermis are melanocytes located?
stratum basale
108
Melanin shields _______ from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
DNA, UVR
109
Dendritic/langerhans cells are located in which stratum of the epidermis?
granulosum and spinosum
110
Epidermal cells that attack pathogens and bacteria are called
dendritic/langerhans cells
111
Basal cell carncioma
Forms from cells in what stratum?
Basale
112
Characteristics of a leasion of basal cell carcinoma are
small, shiny bump with a central depression
113
True or False
Basal cell carcinoma is the least common and most dangerous type of skin cancer.
FALSE
It is the most common and least dangerous.
114
Squamous cell carcnioma forms from what cells in what stratum of the epidermis?
keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
115
A leasion of squamous cell carcinoma has
raised, reddened, scaly appearance later forming a concave ulcer
116
Squamous cell carcinoma has a good chance of recovery with _______ detection and _______ removal.
early, surgical
117
Malignant melanoma effects what cells?
melanocytes
118
Can melaignant melanoma be treated?
Surgically yes, if caught early
119
True or False
Malignant melenoma is the most common and least dangerous type of skin cancer.
False
it is the least common and most dangerous
120
Malignant melanoma _______ rapidy and is unresponsive to _______ chemo therapy.
121
The stratum _______ exfoliates over time.
corneum
122
What is the primary layer of the epidermis that is resistnt to abrasion, penetration and water loss?
Stratum Corneum
123
Which layer of epidermis has up to 30 layers of dead keratinized cells?
Stratum corneum
