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Flashcards in Ch. #8 Deck (40)
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1
Q

Innateness hypothesis

A

a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some knowledge about language exists in humans at birth. This hypothesis supports linguistic nativism and was first proposed by Noam Chomsky.
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2
Q

Imitation theory

A

claims that children learn language by listening to the speech around them and reproducing what they hear. Language acquisition consists of memorizing the words and sentences of some languages.

3
Q

Reinforcement theory

A

claims that children learn to speak like adults because they are praised, rewarded, or otherwise reinforced when they use the right forms and are corrected when they use the wrong forms.

4
Q

Active construction of grammar theory

A

most influential theory of language acquisition, holds the children actually invent the rules of grammar themselves. The theory assumes that the ability to develop rules is a neat, but that the actual rules are based on the Speech children here around them. This is their input or data for analysis.

5
Q

Connectionist theory

A

assumes that children learn language by creating neural connections in the brain. A child develop such connections through exposure to language and by using language through these connections a child learns associations between words, meanings, sound sequences and so on.

6
Q

Social interaction theory

A

assumes children acquire language through social interactions, with older children and adults in particular. This approach holds the children prompt their parents to supply them with the appropriate language experience they need.

7
Q

Universal grammar

A

The theoretical inborn set of structural characteristics shared by all the images.

8
Q

Critical period

A

A period of time in an individual’s life during which behavior in this case language must be acquired. The acquisition will fail if it is attempted either before or after this period.

9
Q

Homesign

A

communicative gestures that are invented by deaf children and the people with whom they routinely interact.

10
Q

Child directed speech

A

Adults in most parts of the world speak to infants differently than they do others. When talking to babies they use high-pitched and elongated words in an exaggerated manner with lots of facial expressiveness.

11
Q

High amplitude sucking

A

technique used to measure newborn’s perceptual abilities. It is an ideal technique since sucking behavior is easily conditioned. In 1971, a study by Eimas et al. assessed 1-4 month old infants abilities to discriminate between /ba/ versus /pa/ stimuli. They presented infants with between category shift sounds such as /ba/and /pa/, and the control group with within category shift sounds such as /ba/ and /ba/. Results showed that infants increased their sucking rate after the between category shift and not after the within category shift. This study demonstrates that infants, like adults, can perceive speech in a categorical manner, and this technique therefore can be profitably used to describe discrimination abilities in very young infants.

12
Q

Conditioned head

A

used with infants between five and 18 months this procedure has two phases conditioning and testing.

13
Q

Voice onset time

A

the duration of the period of time between the release of a plosive and the beginning of vocal fold vibration. This period is usually measured in milliseconds (ms).

14
Q

Articulatory jesters

A

what a baby has to learn to produce a particular sound for example bringing both lips together to produce a bilabial sound. As well as the Tining relationships between these gestures.

15
Q

Babble

A

between four and six months of age producing sequences of vowels and consonants.

16
Q

Repeated or canonical babbling

A

Starts around the age of 7 to 10 months. The continual repetition of syllables helps the infant practice a sequence of consonant and vowel sounds.

17
Q

Variegated babbling

A

between 10 and 12 months of age infants begin to produce a variety of speech sounds, repeating the same syllables the infant string together different syllables.

18
Q

Holophrastic stage

A

Toddlers pass through this stage early in life, during which they are able to communicate complex ideas using only single words and simple fixed expressions. As an example, the word “food” might be used to mean “Give me food” and the word “up” could convey “Pick me up”.

19
Q

Holophrase

A

the paralinguistic use of a single word to express a complex idea. A holophrase may resemble an interjection, but whereas an interjection is linguistic, and has a specific grammatical function, a holophrase is simply a vocalization memorized by rote and used without grammatical intent.

20
Q

Plurals

A

acquired early by children, usually one of the very first function morphemes to appear.

21
Q

Negative

A

children go through a series of stages in learning to produce negative sentences. First they put “no” in front of it to negate its meaning.

22
Q

Interrogatives

A

a word used in questions, such as how or what. Very young children can produce questions only by using a rising intonation. Example “Mommy cup?”.

23
Q

Telegraphic

A

Speech during the two-word stage of language acquisition in children, which is laconic and efficient. The name derives from the fact that someone sending a telegram was generally charged by the word.

24
Q

Overgeneralization

A

The application of a grammatical rule in cases where it doesn’t apply. Used in connection with language acquisition by children. For example, a young child may say “foots” instead of “feet,” overgeneralizing the morphological rule for making plural nouns.

25
Q

Complexive concept

A

when a child associates different characteristics with the meaning of a word on successive uses, creating a set of objects that do not have any particular unifying characteristic.

26
Q

Under extension

A

The application of a word to a smaller set of objects that is appropriate for mature adults speech.

27
Q

Overextension

A

when a child extends the range of a words meaning beyond that typically used by adults.

28
Q

Relational term

A

nouns or relator nouns are a class of words used in many languages. They are characterized as functioning syntactically as nouns, although they convey the meaning for which other languages use adpositions (i.e. prepositions and postpositions).

29
Q

Deictic expressions

A

words referring to personal, Temporal, and spatial aspects than other aunts, and his meaning depends on the context in which the word is used.

30
Q

Infant directed speech-

A

Speech directed at children.

31
Q

Attention getters

A

A way for adults to tell children which utterances are addressed to them rather than to someone else or which utterances they ought to be listening to.

32
Q

Conversational turns

A

when adults respond to infants during their very first month of life as though there burp, Jan’s, and blinks count as turns and conversations.

33
Q

Multilingual

A

speakers of more than two languages.

34
Q

Bilingual

A

speakers of two languages.

35
Q

Simultaneous bilingualism

A

children who learn more than one language from birth.

36
Q

Sequential bilingualism

A

learn their second language as young children

37
Q

Second language acquisition

A

learning a second language later in life.

38
Q

Language mixing/code switching

A

using more than one language in conversation or even with any phrase.

39
Q

Fossilization

A

a phenomenon of second language acquisition (SLA) in which second language learners develop and retain a linguistic system, or interlanguage, that is self-contained and different from both the learner’s first language and

40
Q

Transfer

A

refers to speakers or writers applying knowledge from one language to another language. It is the transfer of linguistic features between languages in the speech repertoire of a bilingual or multilingual individual, whether from first to second, second to first or many other relationships. It is most commonly discussed in the context of English language learning and teaching, but it can occur in any situation when someone does not have a native-level command of a language, as when translating into a second language.