Ch. 8. Learning & Forgetting

Question 1

What is a mnemonic strategy involving grouping of items into familiar groupings?

Answer 1

Categorization

Question 2

What occurs when remembering is disrupted by related memories?

Answer 2

Interference

Question 3

Which strategy involves the formation of vivid and bizarre images of items to be recalled as mixed in some way?

Answer 3

Interacting images

Question 4

What is the term given to the effect whereby the context at recall is similar to the context at encoding then memory will be enhanced.

Answer 4

Encoding specificity principle.

Question 5

Which effect describes when memory is better when mood at learning is reinstated at testing?

Answer 5

Mood-dependent memory effect

Question 6

Who was one of the first to study learning and forgetting, using himself as the sole subject?

Answer 6

Ebbinghaus

Question 7

What is the name given to a vivid memory of a dramatic event and of the circumstances in which the event was experienced or heard about?

Answer 7

Flashbulb memory

Question 8

Recently, typical studies of interference in long-term remembering have used the ______ paradigm, which is often used in the study of learning.

Answer 8

paired associates learning

Question 9

What is the mnemonic strategy in which a familiar route is imagined and images of the items are recalled and linked to landmarks on the route?

Answer 9

Method of loci

Question 10

What occurs if memory is better when the external environment at testing is the same as at learning?

Answer 10

context effects

Question 11

What is defined as the process by which old memories become destabilized during retrieval and therefore susceptible to modifications.

Answer 11

reconsolidation

Question 12

Which paradigm, developed by Anderson et al. (1994), produces the effect whereby retrieval practice impairs recall of unpractised category members?

Answer 12

Retrieval induced forgetting

Question 13

What occurs when later learning impairs memory for earlier learning?

Answer 13

Retroactive interference

Question 14

What is the mental representation of stored information?

Answer 14

Memory trace

Question 15

One view of the cause of the ‘spacing effect’ is that massed presentation leads to deficient processing of the second presentation – that we simply do not pay much attention to the later presentations. Which view is this?

Answer 15

Deficient processing view

Question 16

A hypothesis that propoese that concrete words can be encoded both verbally and by images representing their meaning, are easier to remember.

Answer 16

Dual coding hypothesis

Question 17

Interference

Answer 17

occurs when remembering is disrupted by related memories.

Question 18

Proactive interference

Answer 18

occurs when previous learning impairs later learning.

Question 19

Retroactive interference

Answer 19

occurs when later learning impairs memory for earlier learning.

Question 20

2 Neuropsychologigal mechanisms that can explain consolidation and decay

Answer 20

LTP and LTD

Long time potentiation and Long term depression

Question 21

the beneficial effect on memory that can be the result of a period of sleep or inactivity following a study period, or even the result of taking certain drugs.

Answer 21

Retrograde facilitation

Question 22

An important factor for anterograde amnesia

Answer 22

hightened susceptibility to retroactive inference, since it prevents consolidation

Question 23

3 functional approaches to forgetting

Answer 23

1. Retrieval induced forgetting (RIF)
2. Direct forgetting (DF)
3. Think/ no-think (TNT)

Question 24

The recovered memory controversy

Answer 24

Freud

Er det mulig? Kontroversielt

Lofthus- -false memory paradigme, incorporated misinformation

McNally- -Minnet ekte men glemt da det ikke opplevdes traumatisk da det skjedde ( mer forvirrende) .. først i voksen alder man ser alvoret (av feks overgrep).

Question 25

effective study teckniques

Answer 25

deep processing

elaborative interrogation

self testing

Question 26

Why do we remember flasbulb memories better?

Answer 26

Due to rehersal, more than the unicness of the event

Question 27

N