Fibr/o
Fiber, fibrous tissue
Fasci/o
Band, fascia. (Fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
Leiomy/o
Smooth muscle (visceral)
Lumb/o
Loins (lower back)
Muscul/o
My/o
Muscle
Ten/o
Tend/o
Tendin/o
Tendon
-algia
Pain
-asthenia
Weakness, debility
-pathy
Disease
-plegia
Paralysis
-rrhaphy
Suture
-sarcoma
Malignant tumor of connective tissue
-tomy
Incision
Flexion
Extension
Bending and extension of a limb
Abduction
Adduction
Movement away from and toward the body.
Rotation
Circular movement around an axis
Pronation
Supination
Turning hand to a palm down or a palm up position.
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Bending the foot or toes upward or downward
Eversion
Inversion
Moving sole of the foot outward or inward.
Carp/o
Carpus (wrist bones)
Cervic/o
Neck; cervix uteri (neck or uterus)
Cost/o
Ribs
Crani/o
Cranium (skull)
Humer/o
Humerus (upper arm bone)
Metacarp/o
Metacarpus (hand bones)
Phalang/o
Phalanges (fingers and toes)
Spondyl/o
Vertebr/o
Vertabra (backbone)
Stern/o
Sternum (breastbone)
Calcane/o
Calcaneum (heel bone)
Femor/o
Femur (thigh bone)
Fibul/o
Fibula (smaller outer bone of lower leg)
Patell/o
Patella (kneecap)
Pelv/i
Pelv/o
Pelvis
Radi/o
Radiation, X-ray; radius (lower arm bone, thumb side)
Tibi/o
Tibia (larger bone of lower leg)
Ankyl/o
Stiffness; bent, crooked
Arthr/o
Joint
Chondr/o
Cartilage
Lamin/o
Lamina (part of vertebral arch)
Myel/o
Bone marrow; spinal cord
Orth/o
Straight
Oste/o
Bone
-clasia
To break
-clast
To break
-cyte
Cell
-desis
Binding, fixation of a bone or joint
-malacia
Softening
-physis
Growth
-porosis
Porous
AE
Above Elbow
HNP
Herniated nucleus pulposus (herniated disk)
IM
Intramuscular
AK
Above the knee
L1, L2, L3 to L5
First lumbar vertebrae, second lumbar vertebrae, so on.
AP
Anteroposterior
MG
Myasthenia gravis
BE
Below the elbow
BK
Below knee
RA
Rheumatoid Arthritis
C1, C2 to C7
First cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, so on
S1, S2, to S5
First sacral vertebra, second, and so on.
CT
Computed tomography
THR
Total hip replacement
CTS
Carpal tunnel syndrome
T1, T2, to T12
First thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, so on
Fx
Fracture
TKR
Total knee replacement
HD
Hemodialysis; hip disarticulation; hearing distance
Muscular Dystrophy
Group of hereditary diseases characterized by gradual atrophy and weakness of muscle tissue.
Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by severe muscular weakness and progressive failure.
Rotator cuff injuries
Injuries to the capsule of the shoulder joint, which is reinforced by muscles and tendons; also called musculotendinous rotator cuff injuries.
Sprain
Trauma to a joint that causes injury to the surrounding ligament, accompanied by pain and disability.
Strain
Trauma to a muscle from overuse or excessive forcible stretch.
Talipes equinovarus
Congenital deformity of the foot; also called clubfoot.
Tendinitis
Inflammation of tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; also called tendonitis
Torticollis
Spasmodic contraction of neck muscles, causing stiffness and twisting of the neck; also called wryneck
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Pain or numbness resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which flexor tendons and median nerve pass)
Contracture
Fibrosis of connective tissue in skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint.
Crepitation
Grating sound made by movement of bone ends rubbing together indicating a fracture or joint destruction.
Ewing sarcoma
Malignant tumor that develops from bone marrow, usually in long bones or the pelvis
Gout
Hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints.
Herniated disk
Herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus (center gelatinous material within an intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae; also called prolapsed disk.
Osteoporosis
Decrease in bone density with an increase in porosity, causing bones to become brittle and increasing the risk of fractures.
Pager disease
Skeletal disease affecting elderly people that causes chronic inflammation of bones and bowing of long bones; also called osteitis deformans
Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic, systematic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints, eventually resulting in crippling deformities.
Subluxation
Partial or complete dislocation.
Sequestrum
Fragment of a necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that first affects the spine and is characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae; also called rheumatoid spondylitis
Kyphosis
Increased curvature of the thoracic region of the vertebral column, leading to a humpback posture; also called hunchback
Lordosis
Forward curvature of lumbar region of the vertebral column, leading to a swayback posture.
Scoliosis
Abnormal sideward curvature of the spine to the left or right.
Spondylolisthesis
Partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one below it, most commonly the fifth lumbar vertebra over the first sacral vertebra; also called spinal cord compression.
Arthrocentesis
Puncture of a joint space with a needle to remove fluid
Rheumatoid factor
Blood test to detect the presence of rheumatoid factor, a substance present in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Arthroplasty
Surgical reconstruction or replacement of a painful, degenerated joint to restore mobility in rheumatoid or osteoarthritis or to correct congenital deformity.
Sequestrectomy
Excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)
Bone reabsorption inhibitors
Agents that reduce the reabsorption of bone in the treatment of weak and fragile bones as seen in osteoporosis and pager disease
Gold salts
Agents that treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system by preventing further disease progression.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)
Drugs that relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation in treatment of musculoskeletal conditions such as sprains and strains, and inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, bursitis, gout, and tendinitis.