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Bio 9 > Ch2. > Flashcards

Ch2. Flashcards

0
Q

What is the smallest unit of an element that still remains the chemical and physical properties of element?

A

Atom

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1
Q

what is one of the basic building blocks of matter?

A

An element

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2
Q

What is it called that all atoms of an element have the same number of protons housed in the nucleus?

A

Atomic number

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3
Q

Atoms often bond with one another to form a chemical unit called a —

A

Molecule

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4
Q

Water is the universal solvent because its —–

A

Polarity

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5
Q

What does determine pH?

A

Hydrogen ion concentration

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6
Q

What are the four organic molecules with specific function in cells?

A

Carbohydrate
Nucleic acid
Lipid
Protein

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7
Q

What is used to indicate the acidity and basicity (alkalinity) of a solution?

A

pH scale

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8
Q

A pH above 7 is basic because the —

A

OH - hydroxide

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9
Q

What makes pH stability in the body and the environment?

A

Buffers to prevent pH change

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10
Q

What are four categories of organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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11
Q

In biology, what does organic refer to?

A

Usually a molecule that contains carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)

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12
Q

What is simple carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide (simple sugar) C6H12O6
6 carbon sugar= hexose (glucose, the hexose our bodies use as an immediate source of energy)

Disaccharide = joining two monosaccharides.

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13
Q

What does liver manufacture to break down fat?

A

Bile

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14
Q

A fat is called a —– because of its three-part structure.

A

Triglyceride

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15
Q

Triglyceride can be called neutral fat because —-.

A

The molecule in non-polar and carries no charge.

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16
Q

What are molecules made up of one of fatty acid combined with another single organic molecule?

A

Waxes

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17
Q

What is primary component of cellular membranes?

A

Phospholipid

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18
Q

Which lipid has a structure with a backbone of four fused carbon rings?

A

Steroids

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19
Q

What is a component of an animal cell’s plasma membrane and is the precursor of several other steroids, such as sex hormones?

A

Cholesterols

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20
Q

Where is all the cholesterols made in our body?

A

Liver

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21
Q

What is the disease of the blood vessels in which fatty plagues accumulated inside blood vessel linings and reduce blood flow?

A

Atherosclerosis

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22
Q

What is subunit of protein?

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

How does protein allow substance to be transport in our body?

A

Channels and carrier protein allows substance to enter and exit cells.

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24
Q

What is a complex protein in red blood cell that transport oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin

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25
Q

What is the covalent bond between two amino acids?

A

Peptide

three and more = polypeptide

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26
Q

What is the irreversible change in shape when proteins are exposed to extreme heat or pH?

A

Denaturation

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27
Q

What are the polymers of nucleotides that store information?

A

Nucleic acids

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28
Q

What is one type of Nucleic acids that stores information about how to copy and replicate itself, and specifies orders in which amino acids are to be joined to make proteins?

A

DeoxyriboseNucleic acids (DNA)

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29
Q

What is a special nucleotide that store large amounts of energy needed for synthetic reactions and various other energy requiring activities in the cell?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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30
Q

What is a molecular complex of three types of subunit molecules- phosphate ( phosphoric acid), a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base?

A

Nucleotide

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31
Q

What is structural difference between DNA and RNA?

A

The nucleotides in DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA the sugar ribose.

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32
Q

What are four different types of bases in DNA?

A

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C)

33
Q

What are four different types of bases in RNA?

A

Adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), cytosine(C)

34
Q

What is an atom or a molecule with either positively or negatively charged ?

A

Ion

35
Q

Due to hydrogen bonding, water molecules exhibit —, meaning that they cling together.

A

Cohesion

36
Q

When water molecules dissociate they release an equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
True or false?

A

True

37
Q

What is a chemical or chemical combination that prevent pH changes?

A

Buffer

38
Q

A wax is a combination of a fat and an —-.

A

Organic molecule such as an alcohol.

39
Q

Protein hormone serve as intellectual messengers that ——–.

A

Influence the metabolism of cells.

40
Q

When atoms bond together the chemical unit formed is called —.

A

Molecule

41
Q

Lipids contain mostly — and —.

A

Carbon and hydrogen

42
Q

Glycogen is a storage of polysaccharide that is composed of —.

A

Glucose molecules

43
Q

What are the examples of monosaccharides ?

A

Glucose, fructose(found in fruits), galactose (a constituent of milk)

44
Q

What is produced by liver to emulsify fats?

A

Bile

45
Q

Organic molecules are usually associated with — things.

A

Living

46
Q

A —- is formed when three or more amino acids are linked by peptide bond.

A

Polypeptide

47
Q

Lipid molecules that contain four carbon rings are —.

A

Steroids

48
Q

— bonds join complimentary bases on opposite strands of a DNA molecule.

A

Hydrogen

49
Q

Bases are substances that either take up — or release —.

A 
Hydrogen ions (H+)
Hydroxide ions (OH-)
50
Q

What is unstable isotope that are useful in scientific studies and medicines?

A

Radioisotope

51
Q

Isotopes of element vary in the number of —.

A

Neutrons

52
Q

What are complex carbohydrates ?

A

Polysaccharide
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose (fiber)

They contain many glucose units

53
Q

Cholesterol is steroid that is transported by proteins called —.

A

Lipoprotein (LDLs and HDLs)

54
Q

Nucleotides are composed of a sugar, a base, and a phosphate. — and — are polymers of nucleotides.

A

DNA and RNA

55
Q

What is another name of a fat or lipid that is due to it’s three-part structure?

A

Triglyceride

56
Q

Isotopes of the same element have the same number of — but different number of —.

A

Protons. Neutrons.

57
Q

Water dissociates to produce the — ion with a positive charge and the — ion with a negative charge.

A

Hydrogen

Hydroxide

58
Q

The class of organic molecules used by the body energy are —.

A

Carbohydronates

59
Q

The atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of—.

A

Protons

60
Q

What is The monomer unit of a protein ?

A

Amino acids

61
Q

— bonds occur when a covalently bonded, slightly positively charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a negatively charged atom some distance away

A

Hydrogen

62
Q

A nucleotide contains —, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.

A

phosphate

63
Q

— is a nucleotide that has been modified by the addition of three phosphate groups

A

ATP

64
Q

Another word for a fat or lipid is — due to it’s three-part structure.

A

Triglyceride

65
Q

Hemoglobin is a protein that ~.

A

Transports oxygen in the body.

66
Q

— can be recycled from — and phosphate with the input of energy.

A

ATP, ADP

67
Q

A sugar with five carbons is called — while a sugar with six carbons is called —.

A

Pentose, hexose

68
Q

A — is formed when three or more amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

A

Polypeptide

69
Q

The molecule that converts the information in a gene into a protein is —.

A

RNA

70
Q

All the cholesterol that the body needs is made by the —.

A

Liver

71
Q

What is the peptide bond?

A

The covalent bond between Two amino acids

72
Q

What is each nucleotide consisted of?

A

Pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen-containing base

73
Q

Types and functions of protein

A 
Support: structural protein
Enzyme: speed chemical reactions
Transport: carrier proteins in cell membranes
Motion: contraction
Defense: antibodies
74
Q

Protein hormones serve as intellectual messengers that ——-.

A

Influence the metabolism of cells.

75
Q

Another name for a fat or lipid is — due to its three part structure.

A

Triglyceride

76
Q

DNA is double-stranded, with the two strands twisted about each other in the form of — —.
In DNA, the two strands are held together by — bonds between the bases.

A

Double helix, hydrogen

77
Q

A — bond results from the attraction between a slightly — covalently bonded hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly — atom of another.

A

Hydrogen, positive, negative

78
Q

Water dissociates to produce the — ion with a positive charge and the — ion with a negative charge.

A

Hydrogen, hydroxide

79
Q

A(n) — is an atom or a molecule with either a positive or negative charge.

A

Ion

80
Q

Glycogen is stored in the body in the —.

A

Liver

Bio 9 (7 decks)

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