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Pharm > Ch.2 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Ch.2 (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics: Excretion ?

A 
Renal (kidney)
Lungs
Bile
Gastrointestinal tract
Sweat
Saliva
Milk
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2
Q

Define Drug?

A

A biologically active substance that can modify cellular function

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3
Q

What is the most common and most popular route of administration in the U.S.?

A

The oral route, which includes tablets, capsules, and liquids.

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics?

A

The study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body, is changed by the body, and leaves the body

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5
Q

The route of Administration affects both the?

A

Onset

Duration

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6
Q

Onset?

A

Time it takes for the drug to begin to have its effect

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7
Q

Duration?

A

The length of time of a drug’s effect

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8
Q

Type of Parenteral?

A

Injection
Inhalation
Topical

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9
Q

Enteral?

A

involves the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract).
Administrated through oral or rectal administration. (The most commonly used enteral dose forms in dentistry are the tablet and capsule)

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10
Q

T/F The GREATER the potency of a drug, the SMALLER the dose needed

A

True

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11
Q

T/F Drugs with smaller milligrams is most potent

A

True

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12
Q

What does ADME stand for with Pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

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13
Q

What is the most important absorption for of oral drugs?

A

Small Intestines

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14
Q

The breaking down of a drug for its removal from the body. Also known as biotransformation

A

Metabolism

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15
Q

what is the most important site for metabolism of drugs?

A

Liver

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16
Q

The removal of the drug from the body. Drug elimination terminates drug effects.

A

Elimination

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17
Q

What is the most important organ of excretion?

A

Kidney

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18
Q

The process by which a drug leaves the blood stream and enters the body systems. Drugs are distributed to organs with highest blood flow.

A

Distribution

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19
Q

The transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the blood stream. IV administration drugs by pass this step

A

Absorption

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20
Q

T/F Distribution: Oral doses ultimately travel to the liver?

A

True

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21
Q

T/F Distribution: Sublingual doses travel to the heart

A

True

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22
Q

T/F Distribution: Drugs may be bound to proteins in the blood, especially plasma albumin

A

True

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23
Q

T/F Absorption: Lipid soluble drugs move across most biological membranes by diffusion, and may pass the blood-brain barrier

A

True

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24
Q

Amount of drug needed to produce an effect

A

Potency

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25
Q

Terms used to measure drug response or action?

A

Potency
dose
Efficacy

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26
Q

T/F Each drug has its own dose effect curve

A

True

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27
Q

Determines the effective dose of any drug

A

Dose

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28
Q

The maximal response drug, regardless of the dose!!!

administering more drug will not increase the efficacy of the drug

A

Efficacy

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29
Q

What are the Metabolism mechanisms?

A

Active to inactive
Inactive to active (most common)
Active to Active

30
Q

Renal Route: Elimination of substances in the kidney can occur by the following three routes?

A

Glomerular Filtration
Active tubular secretion
Passive tubular diffusion

31
Q

Factors that influence rate of drug absorption?

A

Physicochemical properties
Site of absorption
Solubility of drug

32
Q

Factors that affect drug absorption and clincal pharmacokinetics?

A

Presence of infection’
Dose form’
Drug solubility
Blood flow at injection site

33
Q

Two major groups of Route of Drug Administration?

A

Enteral

Parenteral

34
Q

Placed directly into the GI Tract
Oral Route
Rectal Route

A

Enteral

35
Q

Bypasses the GI Tract

IV, IM, SQ, Intradermal, Inhalation, topical and sublingual

A

Parenteral

36
Q

Safest, least expensive and most convenient

A

Oral Route

37
Q

produces the MOST RAPID drug response?

Fast absorption.

A

IV (Intravascular)

38
Q

Large area for absorption (small intestine) well absorbed.
Less predictable blood levels
Drug inactivation by acid, enzymes or first pass effect

A

Oral Route

39
Q

Poor patient acceptance.
Suppositories, creams, enema
May be be used if a patient is vomiting or unconscious
Poor and irregular rectally

A

Rectal Route of Administration

40
Q

Best for emergency situations.
More predictable blood levels
absorption phase is bypassed
Disadvantages include phlebitis, irretrievability and allergy

A

IV (Intravascular)

41
Q

Provides sustained effect
Absorption due to high blood flow in skeletal muscle
Massaging muscle will increase the drug’s absorption
Deltiod or gluteal muscles common injection site

A

IM intramuscular

42
Q

Used to administer protein products
INSULIN is administered subcutaneously- it is inactivated by GI acid enzymes
Local anesthesia in dentistry is delivered subcutaneously
Side effects may include sterile abscess or hematoma

A

Subcutaneous

43
Q

Injection into epidermis

Example includes the TB skin test (mantox)

A

Intradermal

44
Q

Provides rapid deivery across large surface area of respiratory mucosa.
Asthma inhalers and nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation

A

Inhalation

45
Q

One measure of duration

The amount of time necessary for a drug to fall to 1/2 of its original blood level

A

Half-life

46
Q

Where the dose is increasing sharply

A

Therapeutic range

47
Q

where the curve plateaus(flattens out)

A

Maximum response

48
Q

Highest abuse potential, no accepted medical use, Schedule drug?

A

Schedule 1

49
Q

High abuse potential, written prescription with signature only, No refills

A

Schedule 2

50
Q

Moderate abuse potential, may be phone in, five Rx in six months

A

Schedule 3

51
Q

Lower abuse potential, may be phone in, five Rx in six months

A

Schedule 4

52
Q

Lowest abuse potential, some may be available OTC

A

Schedule 5

53
Q

Effects occurring at the site of administration

Example includes pain or irritation at an injection site

A

Local Effect

54
Q

Occurs when the effect of one drug is altered by another drug.
May result in toxicity OR lack of effectiveness of the drug

A

Drug Interaction

55
Q

Formulation for Therapeutic Index?

A

TI=LD50/ED50

56
Q

T/F The greater the TI, the safer the drug.

A

True

57
Q

T/F Drugs with lower TI (closer to zero) require careful monitoring to avoid toxic reactions

A

True

58
Q

what does LD50 stand for

A

Lethal dose

59
Q

what does ED50 stand for

A

Effective dose

60
Q

The cytochrome P-450 microsomal enzyme system can be “inducers” that?

A

Speed up the drug metabolism

61
Q

The cytochrome P-450 microsomal enzyme system can be “inhibited” that is ?

A

To reduce or slow down drug metabolism

62
Q

A process by which a substance is transported against a concentration gradient or electrochemical gradient?

A

Active transport

63
Q

Does not move against a concentration gradient?

A

Facilitated diffusion

64
Q

Lipid-soluble substance moves across the lipoprotein membrane by a passive transfer process?

A

Simple diffusion

65
Q

A drug that has affinity for a receptor, combines with the receptor and produces an effect?

A

Agonist

66
Q

A drug that has affinity for a receptor, combines with the receptor and produces no effect?

A

Competitive antagonist

67
Q

Bind to a receptor site that is different from the binding site for the agonist. It reduces the maximal response of the agonist?

A

Noncompetitive antagonist

68
Q

Decreases the Maximal response of the agonist by producing an opposite effect?

A

Physiologic antagonist

69
Q

T/F less potent drugs require higher doses to produce therapeutic effects, whereas more potent drugs can reach toxic levels at lower doses!

A

True

70
Q

A dose form that looks like the active agent but contains no active ingredient (the sugar pill)

A

Placebo

Pharm (7 decks)

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