Ch4 - The Skeletal System Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
Orthopedic Surgeons - Orthopedists
A
doctors of osteopathic medicine (DO’s) who deal with the prevention and correction of injuries of the skeletal system and associated muscles joints and ligaments.
2
Q
Osteopathic physicians
A
earned a doctor of osteopathy degree and receive additional training in the musculoskeletal system and how it affects the whole body
3
Q
Chiropractors
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Focus on the manual adjustment of joints, particularly the spine to maintain and restore health
4
Q
Physical therapists
A
evaluate and treat pain, disease, or injury by physical therapeutic measures as opposed to medical or surgical measures
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Q
Physical Therapist assitants
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work under the direction of a physical therapist to assist patients with their physical therapy
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Q
orthopedic technologists / technicians
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assist orthopedic surgeons in treating patients
7
Q
podiatrists
A
are practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot.
8
Q
Components of the skeletal system
A
bones
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
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Q
cartilage
A
(latin - gristle) Nonvascular firm connective tissue found mostly in joints
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Q
Root - chir/o
A
hand
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Root - pract
A
efficient or practical
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suffix - or
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doer
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Q
chiropractic
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diagnosis treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system
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Q
detoxification
A
removing poison from a tissue or substance
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Q
suffix - fication
A
remove
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root - toxi
A
poison
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Q
prefix - de
A
from. out of
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Q
ligament
A
band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures
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muscle
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a tissue consisting of cells that can contract
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Q
musculoskeletal
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pertaining to the muscles and bony sekeleton
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root - orth/o
A
straight
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root - ped
A
child
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orthopedic
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pertaining to the correction and cure of deformities and diseases of the musculoskeletal system (originally most deformities treated were in children)
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Q
root - oste/o
A
bone
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suffix - path or pathy
disease
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osteopathy
medical practice based on. maintaining the balance of the body
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tendon
fibrous band that connects muscle to bone
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classification of bones
Long - longer than wider - main bones of limbs
Short - as long as they are wide - patella, wrists, ankles
Flat - skull and ribs
Irregular - vertebrate
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Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
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Cortical bone
compact bone
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Epiphysis
Expanded area at the proximal and distal ends of the long bone; provides increased surface area for attachment of ligaments and tendons
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Epiphysial plate
layers of cartilage cells between the diaphysis and epiphysis, that allow your bones to grow longer.
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periosteum
strong membrane surrounding a bone --- tough connective tissue sheath that covers the outer surface of all bones. Protects the bone and anchors blood vessels and nerves to the bones surface
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medula
hollow cylindar in the diaphysis (shaft) contains bone marrow, fatty tissue
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Classes of joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
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Fibrous joints
two bones tightly bound together by bands of fibrous tissue with no joint space - the skull, tibia, fibula, teeth and their sockets
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Cartilaginous joints
joints joining two bones with cartilage - ribs, pubic bones in front of the pelvis
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Synovial joints
joints contain synovial fluid as lubricant and allow considerable movement. The ends of those bones are covered with Hyaline articular cartilage. some have additional fibrocartilage (ie meniscus)
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Bursa - bursae (pl)
A closed sac containing synovial fluid -
an extension of the synovial joint that forms a cushion between structure that otherwise rub against each other. - patellar tendon, patellar and tibial bones
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suffix - ate
composed of
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Root - articul
joint
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suffix - ation
process
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articulate
two separate bones have formed a join
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articulation
a joint
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Central canals - Haversian canals
Vertically running canals found in cortical bones, contain blood vessels and nerve fibers
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root - cortic
cortex
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Cortex - cortical
outer portion of an organ, such as bone pertaining to a cortex
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Hyaline
cartilage that looks like frosted glass and contains fine collagen fibers
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marrow
fatty blood forming tissue in cavities of long bones
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meniscus - menisci (pl)
disc of cartilage between the bones of a joint
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suture
a place where two bones are joined together by a fibrous band, continuous with their periosteum as in the skull
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root - ov/i
egg
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prefix - syn
together
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synovial
pertaining to synovial fluid and synovial membrane
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Structure of Axial Skeleton
Vertebral column
skull
rib cage
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function of the axial skeleton
upright axis - protects the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs
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Sections of vertebral colum
26 bones divided into five regions
Cervical - 7 vertebrae C1-C7
Thoracic- 12 vertebrae - T1-T12
Lumbar - 5 vertebrae L1-L5
Sacral - 5 bones fused into 1 (sacrum
Coccyx - 4 small bones fused into 1 - tailbone
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invertebral discs
fibrocartilage found in the axial skeleton; inhibits the invertebral space between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and provide support and cushioning
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root - cervic
neck
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coccyx
small tailbone at the lowest end of the vertebral column
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disc
flattened round structure in the skeletal system; flattend round fibrocartilaginous structure between bones
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foramen - foramina (pl)
an opening through a structure
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invertebral
located between two vertebrae
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root - vertebr
vertebra
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prefix - inter
between
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lumbar
the region of teh back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
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sacrum
segment of the vertebral column that forms the pelvis
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root - thorac
chest
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Cranium
the upper part of the skull that encloses the cranial cavity and protects the brain - consists of 8 bones
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Bones of the cranium
Frontal - forehead, roofs of eye socket, part of cranial floor, pair right left frontal sinus
Parietal - bulging sides of the roof of cranium
Occipital - back of and part of the base of cranium
Temporal - sides and part of the base of cranium
Sphenoid - part of the base of the cranium and orbits
Ethmoid - hollow and forms part of the nose, orbits, and ethmoid sinuses (air cells)
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Facial Bones
Maxillary - upper jaw (maxilla), holds upper teeth, hollow forming maxillary sinuses
Palatine - located behind the maxilla, can not be seen on a lateral view of skull
Zygomatic - cheekbones
Lacrimal - medial wall of each eye orbit
Nasal - form the sides and bridge of nose
Mandible - lower jaw bone -
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tempromandibular joint (TMJ)
between the temporal bone and the mandibleMANDIBLE ARTICULATE WITH THE TEMPORAL BONE TO FORM THIS
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root - ethm
sieve
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suffix - oid
resembling
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root - crani
skull
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root - lacrim
tears
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root - pariet
wall
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root - sphen
wedge
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root - tempor
time, temple
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ethmoid bone
bone that forms the back of the nose and encloses numerous air cells
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Pectoral girdle
bones and joints of your pectoral shoulder; connects your axial skeleton to your upper limbs
Scapulae
Clavicles
Acromion
Acromioclavicular (AC) joint
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Humerus
bone of the upper arm
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Acromion
lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint
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Acromioclavicular
the joint between the acromion and the clavicle
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Clavicle
Collar bone - curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle
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Carpus
the eight carpal bones of the wrist
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metacarpal
the five bones between the carpus and the fingers
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capitulum
small head or rounded extremity of a bone
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root - capit/u
small head
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suffix - lum
small structure
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eponym
a procedure or diagnosis with a name derived from its founder
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olecranon
prominent proximal extremity of ulna (elbow)
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prefix - meta
after, subsequent to
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root - carp/o
bones f the wrist
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root - phalang/e
phalanx, finger or toe
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metacarpophalangeal
the joints between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges
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root - pector
chest
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phalanx
one of the bones of the digits (fingers or toes)
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root - pronat
bend down
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Prone - pronate
lying face down on the belly
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pronation
process of lying face down or turning a hand or foot with the volar (palm/sole) surface face down
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radius
the forearm bone on the thumb side
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root - supinate
bend backward
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supination
process of lying face upward or turning hand or foot so the palm or sol is facing up
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scapula - scapulae (pl) - scapular
shoulder blade
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trochlea
smooth articular surface of bone on which another glides
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root - trochle
pulley
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ulna
medial and larger bone of the forearm
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Pelvic girdle
two hip bones - fusion of three bones, ilium ischium and pubis
symphysis pubis
sacrum
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Labrum
articular cartilage that forms a rim around the hip joint socket
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acetabulum
cup shaped cavity of the hip bone that recieves the head of the femur to form the hip joint
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femur - femoral
thigh bone
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ilim
large wing shaped bone at the upper and poster part of the pelvis
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ischium - ischia (pl). - ischial
lower and posterior part of the hip joint
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pelvis
basin shaped ring of bones, ligaments, and muscles at the base of the spine
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pubis - pubic
alternative name for the hip bone
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sacroiliac joint
the joint between the sacrum and the ilium
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the knee joint
femur
tibia
patella
fibula
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ligaments that hold the knee together
medial collateral ligaments
lateral collateral ligaments
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament
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calcaneus - calcaneal
bone of the tarsus that forms the heel
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collateral
situated at the side, often to bybass an obstruction
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root - later
side
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prefix - co
together
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cruciate
shaped like a cross, two internal ligaments of the knee joint
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fibula - fibular
the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
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metatarsus - metatarsal
the five parallel bones of the foot between the tarsus and phallanges
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patella - patellae (pl) - petellar
kneecap - circular thin bone in front of the kne joint embedded in the patellar tendon
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prepatellar
in front of the patella
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talus
the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia to form the ankle
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tarsus - tarsal
the collection of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle instep
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tibia
larger bone of the lower leg
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osteopenia
low bone density - decreased calcification
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osteoporosis
loss of bone density
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osteomyelitis
an inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by bacterial infection such as staphylococcus
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ostemalacia
a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency where the calcium lacking bones become soft and flexible and become bowed (also called rickets)
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achondroplasia
long bones stop growing in childhood, but axial bones are not affected (dwarfism)
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osteogenesis imperfecta (oi)
rare genetic disorder producing very brittle bones that are easily fracture or broken, often in utero
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Bone cancer forms
osteogenic sarcoma - occurs in bone cells around the knees in adolescents
ewing sarcoma - often in children and adolescents
chondrosarcoma - arises in cartilage cells often in the pelvises of older people
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suffix - plasia
formation
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root - chondr/o
cartilage
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suffix - malacia
abnormal softness
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root - myel
bone marrow
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root - por/o
opening
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suffix - oma
tumor
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sacroma
malignant tumor originating in connective tissue
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root - sarc
flesh
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chondrosarcoma
malignant tumor originating in cartilage cells
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ewing sarcoma
malignant neoplasm in bones of the extremities before the age of 20
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osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumor originating in bone producing cells
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Closed (simple) fracture
bone is broken but the skin is not broken
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Open (compound) fracture
fragment of the fractured bone breaks through the skin
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displaced fracture
the fracture bone parts are out of line
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complete fracture
a bone is broken into at least two fragments
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incomplete fracture
the fracture does not extend completely across the bone, it can be hairline as in a stress fracture
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comminuted fracture
the bone breaks into several pieces
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transverse fracture
the fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone
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impacted fracture
the fracture consists of one bone fragment driven into another, resulting in a shorter limb
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spiral fracture
the fracture spirals around the long axis of the bone
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oblique fracture
the fracture runs diagnoally across the long axis of the bone
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linear fracture
the fracture runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
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greenstick fracture
partial fracture, one side breaks and the other bends
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pathologic fracture
fracture occurs in an area of bone weakend by disease such as cancer
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compression fracture
the fracture occurs in a vertebra from trauma or pathology, leading to the vertebra being crushed
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stress fracture
this is a fatigue fracture caused by repetitive local stress on a bone as occurs in marching or running
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hematoma
a collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue
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callus
bony tissue that forms at a fracture site early in the healing
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cancellous
bone that has a spongy or lattice like structure
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comminuted
a fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces
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osteoblast
a bone forming cell
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osteocyte
a bone maintaining cell
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kyphosis - kyphotic
a normal posterior curve of the thoracic spine that can be exaggerated in a disease.
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lordosis - lordotic
an exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar spin
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scoliosis - scoliotic
an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
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whiplash
symptoms caused by sudden uncontrolled extension and flexion of the neck
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shoulder speration
disloaction of the acromioclavicular joint (AC joint) often caused by a fall on the shoulder
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shoulder dislocation
occurs when the ball of the humerus slips out of the scapulas socket
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shoulder subluxation
occurs when the ball of the humerus slips partially out of position in the socket, an moves back in
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arthritis
inflammation of a joint or joints
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root - arthr
joint
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bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
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osteoarthritis
chronic inflammatory disease of the joints with pain and loss of function
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rhenumatism
pain in various parts of the musculoskeletal system
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rhenumatoid arthritis
disease of connecting tissue with arthritis as a major manifestation
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subluxation
an incomplete dislocation when some contact between the joint surfaces remains
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avascular
without blood supply
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bunion
a swelling at the base of the big toe
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diastasis
a speration of normally joined parts
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hyperflexion
flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits
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hallux valgus
deviation of the big toe toward the medial side of the foot
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necrosis
pathologic death of tissue cells
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root - hallux
big toe
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root - valcus
turn out
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root - pod
foot
