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another cog in the wheel > Ch.5 > Flashcards

Ch.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Attention is the process of concentration and m_ _ on sensory or mental events

A

mental effort

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2
Q

Attention has a _ capacity, depending on the circumstance

A

limited
e.g., items at once/multi-tasking vs other things

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3
Q

Attention varies along certain d_

A

dimensions

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4
Q

what controls attention is based on:
what is captured out in the environment is _ attention
vs.
when we decide what to direct our attention to is _ attention

A

exogenous vs.
endogenous attention

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5
Q

Exogenous attention is _l, requiring _l processes

A

external to external

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6
Q

endogenous attention is only internal attention

A

false - internal or external (you can pay attention to what is happening external to you as well as internal)

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7
Q

Looking at what you’re paying attention to, and everyone knowing you’re paying attention to it is _ attention

A

overt

tied to visual attention

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8
Q

_ attention is when you are attending something, but others don’t know what you’re paying attention to. Or, you are attending something but intentionally focusing on something that isn’t visible to others

A

covert

eavesdropping, not typically associated with visual

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9
Q

Is there a connection between exo-endo attention and overt-covert attention?

A

yes

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10
Q

Endogenous attention can be overt or covert, whereas exogenous attention is mostly _

A

overt

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11
Q

Automatic attention requires more/less attention

A

less

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12
Q

_ stimuli have something that stands out, which drives attention

A

salient

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13
Q

These are ex of stimulus saliency (mostly visual):
motion
colour
_
contrast
orientation

A

brightness

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14
Q

Anything that is similar/different will likely capture your attention

A

different

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15
Q

Attention can be driven by other important information or present/past experiences

A

past experiences

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16
Q

Are attention and consciousness synonymous?

A

no, but they are similar

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17
Q

Can attention and consciousness be separated?

A

not sure

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18
Q

_ is an example of attention without conscious [looking for a specific task/method, not just automatic attention, for ex]

A

priming

e.g., dog drools when a bell rings (if primed to do so, normally because of food), so that is an automatic type of attention-grabbing which is not conscious

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19
Q

T or F: do examples exist of consciousness without attention?

A

true - few exist, but priming is a good one

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20
Q

_ blindness: when you fail to attend a change, and don’t notice what’s happened

A

change blindness

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21
Q

The experiment of someone asking you a question down the street, and then being switched with someone else for which we don’t notice the change, is called _ blindness, i.e., attending the _ (same word)

A

change

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22
Q

We notice instances of change when there is differences in:
age
gender
_
attractiveness

A

race, although not always

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23
Q

The monkey business illusion involves 3 people in white t-shirts and 3 people in black t-shirts passing balls, and a guy in a gorilla suit. Participants are asked to see how many basketball passes happen for those in white. Participants tend to not notice a few things: the gorilla suit, the change in the background colour, and that one person wearing a black t-shirt leaves when the gorilla arrives. This video illustrates _ blindness

A

inattentional

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24
Q

Whether or not there is a change is the difference between change blindness and _ blindness

A

inattentional blindness

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25
Q

The colour change in the monkey business illusion is an example of _ blindness

A

change

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26
Q

Filtering out information to focus on certain attention is _ attention

A

selective attention

e.g., studying requires selective attention, otherwise I’d be willingly focusing on my phone, the sunny day, etc.

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27
Q

_ theories of attention believe attention acts like a bottleneck that only lets some information through at a time

A

filter

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28
Q

The attentional filter selects attended information for _ and filters out everything else

A

processing

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29
Q

… were the first theories of attention every proposed

A

filter theories of attention

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30
Q

The early theories of attention used _ and hearing tasks

A

listening; hearing

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31
Q

The _ listening task involves an unattended message heard with stereo headphones with different messages in each ear simultaneously, with a selected attention task

A

dichotic

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32
Q

The _ phenomenon involves selectively attending information

A

cocktail

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33
Q

People are good at paying attention to messages from _ _ only for the dichotic listening task

A

messages in one ear only - people are good at selectively attending

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34
Q

For the dichotic listening task, people noticed _ information in unattended ear

A

sensory, NOT semantic/meaningful info

e.g., computer sound, woman’s voice etc.

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35
Q

Results of the dichotic listening task led to Broadbent’s _ _ filter model

A

early selection

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36
Q

Broadbent’s early selection filter model involves:
1. input
2. sensory _
3. filter
4. detector
5. long-term memory

A

sensory memory

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37
Q

One exception in the dichotic listening task that one was able to recognize (meaningful info) was if…

A

one’s name was mentioned

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38
Q

If one hears “dear…6…Jane” in one ear, and “7…Aunt…9”, they followed a meaningful message in the unattended ear, suggesting that…which goes against Broadbent’s early selection model

A

meaningful info is still followed when focusing on dichotic listening tasks, which goes against Broadbent’s early selection filter model

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39
Q

Participants will focus on what they’re meant to report, but when they hear switches (jumbled numbers and words that flip to another ear of jumbled numbers and words) they find they…

A

follow meaning, not strictly what is in the individual/separate ear

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40
Q

The theory that followed the problems found with Broadman’s model is _ _ model

A

Triesman’s attenuation model (it follows Broadman’s early and late selection models)

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41
Q

According to _, whatever you’re supposed to be attending will follow through the attentional filter in a high intensity, whereas everything else will be at a low amount

A

Triesman (attenuation model)

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42
Q

Triesman’s attenuation model involve 3 steps:

  1. attenuator
  2. _ _
  3. memory
A

dictionary unit

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43
Q

In Triesman’s attenuation model, what we end up being aware of is the intensity of the signal, and the threshold of the meaning that gets picked up by the _ _

A

dictionary unit

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44
Q

If there is a signal that is really intense at Triesman’s attenuation model that is higher than the level in the dictionary unit, then information will/not be processed, whereas if it is lower, it will/not be processed

A

will be processed;
will not be processed

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45
Q

_d stimuli that is very intense will go through the filter at a higher intensity in the Triesman’s attenuation model than attended stimuli, particularly if it’s more important, including task demands at a low rate

A

unattended

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46
Q

Triesman’s attenuation model incorporates
regular selected attention
In how we _ important/context-relevant info

A

Process

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47
Q

What was the independent (manipulated) variable of the experiment (different words to recite when different-coloured dots flashed at the same time)?
a. rate of presentation of the dots
b. amount of attention available
c. colour of the dots
d. type of words
e. 2 or more above…

A

e. 2 or more above - b and c!

b. amount of attention available
c. colour of the dots

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48
Q

What was the independent (manipulated) variables of the experiment (different words to recite when different-coloured dots flashed at the same time)?

b. number of correctly identified red dots
c. number of correctly answered match questions
d. number of correctly recognized words
e. 2 or more above…

A

d. number of correctly recognized words

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49
Q

Was this multi-trial experiment (different words to recite when different-coloured dots flashed at the same time) a between- or within-subjects design?
a. between-
b. within-subjects
c. I don’t remember / I never learned that
d. between and within-

A

d. between and within-

2 designs, therefore both - 1st design subjects split in two conditions, whereas the second was multiple questions for individuals (within)

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50
Q

In order to investigate whether there is a difference in memory between people who had full attention (group B) and those who were in the dual-task condition (group A), which statistical test(s) should we use (different words to recite when different-coloured dots flashed at the same time)?

a. independent samples t-test
b. paired-samples t-test
c. analysis of variance (ANOVA)
d. I don’t remember
e. 2 or more of the above…

A

e. 2 or more of the above…
independent samples t-test
analysis of variance (ANOVA)

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51
Q

If having 2 tasks and one requires more attention and the other less, then…

A

allocate attention to primary, and then if there’s time left, do the secondary task

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52
Q

According to divided attention capacity theory, more cognitive load = more _ _ used

A

attentional resources

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53
Q

Do we have some control over how we allot attentional resources?

A

yes

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54
Q

T or F: we have a fixed amount of attentional resources that we can use to perform mental work

A

true

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55
Q

The Flanker compatibility task demonstrates attention ‘spill over’ with _ load tasks (screen shows o’s and x’s, and the odd ‘n’)

A

low

participants were distracted in the low load task (took more time in response compared to compatible flankers in the high load task) because of the n, whereas in the high load having the ‘n’ isn’t very noticeable considering there are a lot of different letters

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56
Q

If you’re studying something that isn’t very difficult, then the resource theory of divided attention suggests that one would be less/more likely to be distracted

A

more likely because there is extra cognition available to be used elsewhere, whereas difficult stuff requires all of one’s attentional resources

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57
Q

According to capacity theories of attention, with practice, controlled processes can become _

A

automatic

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58
Q

According to capacity theories of attention, automatic processes require parallel/serial tasks whereas controlled processes require parallel/serial tasks

A

parallel;
serial

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59
Q

According to capacity theories of attention, automatic processes do/not require attention, whereas controlled processes do/not require attention

A

do not;
do

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60
Q

According to capacity theories of attention, automatic processes can/not be modified once started, whereas controlled processes can/not be modified once started

A

cannot - automated means things are done like normal, requiring conscious control to change (which wouldn’t make it automatic)
can - under conscious control

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61
Q

The task that requires naming colours that are written in coloured ink that is different than what is listed is called the _ task. It takes people longer to do the incongruent trial than the congruent trial (yellow is written in yellow)

A

Stroop task

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62
Q

Is driving a car automatic? If you have lots of practice, etc…

A

No, because there are always different circumstances that cannot be anticipated while driving (exceptions would be stunt drivers, etc.)

63
Q

_ suggests we can attend 4 +/- items at a time, albeit it limits to VISUAL ATTENTION

A

Cowan

64
Q

Capacity theory of attention is about v_

A

vigilance

65
Q

_ was the first to investigate vigilance (1980)

A

Posner

66
Q

Posner invented the _ task to study directing attention. He was interested in one’s attention when seeing a pre-emptive target which can be valid, invalid or neutral

A

cueing

67
Q

In a _ trial by Posner, an arrow appears, and then a red square is in the same direction it points; a _ trial doesn’t have an arrow at all, and a/n _ trial has an arrow but points in the wrong direction of a later red square

A

valid;
neutral
invalid

68
Q

In Posner cueing task trials, participants take the longest to react with _ trials, followed by _ trials then valid trials

A

invalid;
neutral
valid

69
Q

According to Posner, attention acts like a unitary _, moving through space to attend new information

A

spotlight

70
Q

The red square that appears after a cue in Posner’s cueing task experiment is considered a f_

A

fixation

71
Q

Problems with Posner’s attention task is that we can selectively attend objects in the same _ location

A

spatial location

72
Q

According to Neisser and Becklen’s 1975 study, people looked at 3 videos simultaneously, therefore we don’t always focus…

A

on the same space location

73
Q

What aspect of cognition does attention most directly control?
a. behavioural response
b. memory
c. information processing
d. sensory transduction

A

c. info processing

74
Q

What is the inability to notice an unexpected stimulus due to attention being focused elsewhere called?

a. divided attention
b. lapse of attention
c. inattentional blindness
d. visual agnosia

A

c. inattentional blindness

unintentional run over

75
Q

The message that the subject is listening to in a dichotic listening task is called…

A

an attended message

76
Q

The stimulus that is supposed to be ignored by the subjects in a dichotic listening task is called…

A

an unattended message

77
Q

The repetition of the selected message in a dichotic listening task is…

A

shadowing

78
Q

What is the process of directing your attention to chosen stimuli called?

a. divided attention
b. selective attention
c. dichotic listening
d. tunnel vision

A

b. selective attention

needed for studying!

79
Q

Since she has been on vacation for a week, Natalie can hardly wait to talk to her best friend. Natalie is temporarily worried because they decided to meet at a restaurant that is notoriously crowded. After meeting, she realizes that it is actually easy to focus only on her friend’s voice and block out of all of the other conversions. What is Natalie experiencing?

a. change blindness
b. cocktail party effect
c. cherry effect
d. bottlenecking

A

b. cocktail party effect

80
Q

Recall Natalie’s conversation with her friend mentioned in Question 5.5. Imagine that, while she is having a conversation with her friend at the restaurant, the neighboring table is talking about Natalie Portman’s latest movie. If the early-selection models always accurately predict what attention will block, which of the following would be true?

a. When the table mentions Natalie Portman, the conversation will briefly distract Natalie from her friend’s voice

b. When the table mentions Natalie Portman, Natalie will not be distracted from her friend’s voice unless they start shouting about the movie

c. Natalie will hear the neighbouring conversation only if she is personally interested in movies

d. Natalie will pay attention to all streams of information equally

A

b. When the table mentions Natalie Portman, Natalie will not be distracted from her friend’s voice unless they start shouting about the movie

Remember, this is if the early-selection research was true, which suggests that if her attention is on her friend, then it will only remain on her friend unless there is an extremely obvious thing happening in the background

81
Q

Selective attention acts as a filter and unattended information only gets through if physically distinct (louder), as suggested by the -… model of attention

A

early-selection model

82
Q

Selective attention acts as a filter that blocks most unattended info from further processing but personally relevant and meaningful info can also by processed, as suggested by the - model of attention

A

late-selection model

note that this model does not talk about weakening unattended info, but that unattended info is completely blocked unless it includes relevant or meaning info…it’s not an effective model, which is why a later model proceeds it

83
Q

Selective attention provides a benefit for attending information and weakening the processing of unattended information, as suggested by the _ model of attention

A

attenuator

attenuate is to reduce the strength of something, which this model does for unattended info. But, it is never completely blocked, but reduces its intensity

84
Q

Attention is a cognitive resource that is:
finite/infinite
cannot always be distributed equally to each task

A

finite

85
Q

Difficult tasks requiring our full concentration will take attentional resources from _ important tasks

A

less

86
Q

_ _ is a measure of how much processing resources are needed in order to perform a task

A

attentional load

87
Q

Hearing someone chatting during a movie/hearing a chip bag rustle in a theatre while you’re watching a movie is the kind of distraction that is often used as a tool for researchers for the role of _ _ in processing

A

attentional load

88
Q

The Eriksen flanker task is an experimental method that demonstrates when trying to search for a target letter among flankers. They try to gauge what is more…

A

more distracting from the original task, whether single, multiple distractors/flankers, etc.

89
Q

Eriksen & Eriksen (1974) tested the burden on attentional control by comparing how long it took participants to find the target H, K, S or C when surrounded by _ or _ flankers/distractors

A

congruent/incongruent

90
Q

Eriksen & Eriksen found that congruency conditions were higher for flanker responses that were _e with a target, meaning it took them longer to process, meaning it was a greater distraction

A

incompatible

what is this study talking about?

91
Q

A subject is completing a flanker task. Like the one mentioned above, they need to press the right arrow when the target is an H or K and the left arrow when it is an S or C. Based on what you know of attentional load, which of the following should have the slowest response time?

a. HHHHHHH
b. HHHKHHH
c. SSSHSSS
d. KKKHKKK

A

c. SSSHSSS

92
Q

Video 5.3 above discussed research by Molloy et al. (2015). The researchers recorded neural activity while participants completed a high- and low-load task. What did the neural results indicate about the subjects’ ability to process an auditory tone while completing a high-load task?

a. They could hear the tone and visually process info at the same time
b. They appeared to hear the tone but ignored it
c. Their neural activity did not show anything meaningful
d. They did not appear to consciously hear the tone

A

d. They did not appear to consciously hear the tone

Similar to inattentional blindness with visual activities, participants were extremely focused on the task and processed the stimuli without conscious awareness.

93
Q

When a certain task is so familiar to us that we do not need to pay attention in order to do it, it is referred to as _ processing

A

automatic

94
Q

In regards to the Stroop task, ______ has been argued to be more automatic while ______ is more controlled.

a. reading the colour of the ink; reading the colour of the word
b. reading the colour of the ink; reading the colour of the ink
c. reading the word; reading the colour of the ink
d. reading the colour of the ink; reading the word

A

c. reading the word; reading the colour of the ink

theoretically, the automatic portion of this task is the reading the words; however, we aren’t accustomed to naming the colors verbally.`

95
Q

Typing is probably something you’ve practiced for many years of your life. Now when you type a paper, you don’t need to be thinking about, or looking at, the keys to be able to write your report. In this case, typing would be an example of what kind of process?

a. controlled process
b. automatic process
c. overt process
d. inattentional blindness

A

b. automatic process

96
Q

Bavelier et al. (2012) compared the neural activity of video and non-video game players while completing a search task. Which of the following is true?

a. Video game players did worse at each task
b. Video game players showed less parietal lobe activation, indicating less of a need for recruiting attentional networks
c. Non-video game players were faster at and recruited less frontoparietal resources than video game players showing a broad detriment of playing video games
d. Video game players were able to do the tasks faster because they recruited their frontoparietal attention network at higher levels than the non-video game players

A

b. Video game players showed less parietal lobe activation, indicating less of a need for recruiting attentional networks

97
Q

Divided attention is another name for -

A

multi-tasking

98
Q

Using driving simulators, researchers have tested subjects’ ability to successfully drive while multi-tasking by listening to the radio, talking with a passenger, or using a cell phone. Talking on a cell phone consistently showed _ error rates than talking to a passenger in the stimulator

A

MORE

99
Q

There appears to be something uniquely demanding about …since error rates are similarly higher for them compared to listening t the radio or an audiobook while driving

A

cell phone conversations

100
Q

T or F: the main demand on our driving and talking on a cell phone is holding the phone

A

false - evidence does not support the idea that talking hands-free is any safer than holding the phone

101
Q

The demand of talking on a cell phone while driving does not differ when holding the phone or not because of a problem of _ _, not because of a physical impairment. Conversing on a cell phone appears to be uniquely tasking to our attention and reallocates attentional resources away from driving

A

processing resources

102
Q

In Posner’s (1980) study, what was indicated by “valid” trials?

a. trials in which the target would appear in the cued location
b. trials in which the target would appear anywhere on the screen
c. trials in which the target would appear in the non-cued location
d. trials in which the target would not appear at all

A

a. trials in which the target would appear in the cued location

103
Q

Based on Posner (1980), what is one possible purpose of attention?

a. to help us remember what task we are doing
b. to help us see where to look and focus our eyes
c. to prepare the mind for processing in a pre-attentive phase
d. to keep us from getting distracted during a task

A

c. to prepare the mind for processing in a pre-attentive phase

104
Q

According to feature-integration theory, attention is needed in order to combine each of the properties of stimuli (purple circle, orange triangle) into …(Treisman & Kanwisher, 1998)

A

unified objects

105
Q

In later conditions, Treisman (1982) told participants they would be viewing a blue lake, a tire, and a carrot. When participants were given meaning to the objects they were viewing, the attention binding was/not necessary

A

was not necessary

if they knew what they were, then they would have paid attention to each individual item, rather than combined them together (bottom-up processing) as conjunction errors

106
Q

Treisman and others observed that when people have to search for a target that is different from distractors based on a single property, such as colour or shape, the search was _

A

easy - if only one green and many red shapes to see, it would be easy to find the green one

107
Q

Treisman found that even if additional distractors are added to a display (e.g., more red than green triangles in a spotting task), search times for the target do/not get longer

A

do not - they exhibit properties that ‘pop-out’

108
Q

Easily spotting items that ‘pop-out’ in a task of green squares vs red squares is a - search task

A

single-feature search task

109
Q

When searching for green vs red squares of which the green are tilted, the task for seeking a missing tilting RED one is not/more difficult

A

MORE

110
Q

The combining of properties that differentiate them from distractors (i.e., When searching for green vs red squares of which the green are tilted, the task for seeking a missing tilting RED one) is called a _ search

A

conjunction

111
Q

With Treisman’s research on attentional tasks (When searching for green vs red squares of which the green are tilted, the task for seeking a missing tilting RED one) they proposed (1982) that as we attend to each stimulus, _ _ is helping to bind the separate features in order to combine each item’s features to determine whether it is the target or not.

A

attentional processing

112
Q

The conjunction search (e.g., When searching for green vs red squares of which the green are tilted, the task for seeking a missing tilting RED one), is also called the _ search

A

inefficient - it requires a hell lof a lot more time

113
Q

Endogenous attention control refers to when a person chooses what to pay attention to, based on their…

A

goals or intentions

114
Q

Exogenous attention control occurs when some property of the _ drives us to pay attention to it

A

environment - e.g., someone talking during a movie drawing your attention, despite wanting to pay attention to the movie

115
Q

The internet phenomenon of visual clickbait often involves a bright, moving, or flashing image in order to capture your interest. Which attentional phenomenon are advertisers trying to take advantage of in creating these images?

a. endogenous attentional control
b. exogenous attentional control
c. divided attention
d. selective attention

A

b. exogenous attentional control

116
Q

Using attention to find an object with one defining characteristic is the - search

A

single-feature search

Single-feature is focused on finding something based on one feature, while conjunction is linking two or more together.

117
Q

Using attention to find an object with more than one defining characteristic is the _ search

A

conjunction
Single-feature is focused on finding something based on one feature, while conjunction is linking two or more together.

118
Q

Suggested purpose of attention to bind different characteristics of items together into a seamless perception is - theory

A

feature-integration theory

Feature-integration theory argues that attention helps bind, or integrate, information together.

119
Q

The dichotic listening research demonstrating the cocktail party effect showed that only information that was different _ than the attended information got noticed

A

physically (e.g., louder)

120
Q

Moray’s (1959) research showed that participants would switch the ears they were listening with if the unattended stream played (in the dichotic listening task)…

A

their name

121
Q

Moray’s 1959 research that recognized one’s name in the dichotic listening task’s unattended stream updates the _ _ model to include the processing of “meaning” before all other characteristics are blocked from cognitive processing

A

early filter model

122
Q

Attenuator models offer a compromise between early and late filter theories by proposing that unattended stimuli are processed but…to attended stimuli

A

a reduced level relative to attended stimuli

123
Q

Mary is talking on her cellphone while at the store and is devoting her full attention to her conversation. While she is walking down the aisle, a young woman next to her trips and falls. Mary does not look at the woman and continues to talk and shop. The woman that fell thinks Mary is very rude and insensitive to not offer to help. While this may be true, it is also possible that Mary didn’t see the woman fall because she was experiencing ______.

a. change blindness
b. selective attention
c. divided attention
d. inattentional blindness

A

d. inattentional blindness

I think the question is focusing on what unintentionally happened, not where her attention was

124
Q

The reason we need attention is that our brains have insufficient ______ resources.

a. sensory
b. memory
c. processing
d. neurotransmitter

A

c. processing - memory is true, but attention is more about info processing than simply a memory task

125
Q

Select the options that could describe attention:
a. limited
b. always under unconscious control
c. selective
d. limitless
e. always consciously controlled

A

A. LIMITED- true - there are too many things vying for our attention, so this seems true
b. always under unconscious control - false
C. SELECTIVE - true - it can be selective and it can be taken from elsewhere, but this is still true
d. limitless - false
e. always consciously controlled - false

126
Q

According to Broadbent’s early-selection model of attention, when is the meaning of information processed?

a. only after you’ve selected information to focus on and your attentional filter is applied
b. meaning of all info your sensory receptors are collecting is continually being processed
c. before the filter of attention is applied and then selection is based on that meaning
d. continually throughout the listening process

A

a. only after you’ve selected information to focus on and your attentional filter is applied

Everything else is blocked, so only after the filter is applied can any meaning be determined

127
Q

Hearing a loud noise and then turning towards the source is an example of which type of attentional control?

a. endogenous
b. exogenous
c. saccadic
d. covert

A

b. exogenous

128
Q

The finding that you recognize your name being said in the unattended ear during dichotic listening tasks is evidence AGAINST which model of attention?

a. early selection
b. late selection
c. attenuator
d. all of the above

A

a. early selection
Broadbent’s theory said that ALL unattended stimuli would be blocked once gone through a filter, but if one recognizes their name then his theory doesn’t explain everything

129
Q

The finding that the color of a printed word interferes with naming that word aloud suggests that reading involves ______.

a. divided attention
b. endogenous attention
c. automatic processing
d. attenuation

A

c. automatic processing

130
Q

In the flanker compatibility task, the effect of an “incompatible” flanker (the ‘n’) in the low-load condition was that it ______.

a. increased reaction time
b. decreased reaction time
c. had no effect on reaction time
d. depends on whether the participants were on their cell phones

A

a. increased reaction time - low-load meant they had more cognitive resources available for looking elsewhere, and more easily distracted

this seems contradictory because you would think having more stimuli in general would take a longer amount of time, but apparently not in this specific case

131
Q

Which of the following are examples of automatic processes?

a. Teddy is learning to ride a bike for the first time
b. Sherri is typing her term paper without looking at the keys
c. Mike is riding his bike to work and doesn’t have to think about his control of the bike
d. Nona is learning a new dance routine for her dance squad

A

b. Sherri is typing her term paper without looking at the keys
c. Mike is riding his bike to work and doesn’t have to think about his control of the bike - because they are referring to the practice of bike riding not the rules of the road or traffic as it happens, then I would consider it automatic

132
Q

The task of finding Waldo in the popular children’s Where’s Waldo? books would be an example of which task?

a. divided attention
b. dichotic visual task
c. visual search
d. exogenous search

A

c. visual search - involves using attention to focus on object features in a particular location (i.e., Waldo’s qualities on the select pages)

  • it’s not divided attention (multi-tasking) bc you’re looking for one thing, there’s just a lot of additional features
  • it’s not exogenous search bc you’re focusing on a partic item, not getting distracted by others
133
Q

In the Where’s Waldo? task, you are looking for a character that has a striped shirt, striped hat, and possibly several accessories. Which type of search does this represent?

a. single-feature
b. conjunction
c. dichotomous
d. automaticity

A

b. conjunction - there are a lot of features for the one item, and in Where’s Waldo there are characters that mix and match the features from Waldo to confuse you (making it a binding problem)

134
Q

If you have to search for a red X among a bunch of distractor green Xs, what should we expect as we increase the number of distractors?

a. Search time would decrease with more distractors
b. Search time would increase with more distractors
c. Search time would remain the same with more distractors

A

b. Search time would increase with more distractors

135
Q

Realizing you forgot where you parked your car, you actively start scanning the parking lot with the goal of finding your car. This would be an example of which type of attention?

a. covertly controlled attention
b. exogenously controlled attention
c. endogenously controlled attention
d. automatically controlled attention

A

c. endogenously controlled attention

136
Q

While you are studying, your phone dings with a text message alert. You involuntarily look towards your phone. This would be an example of which of the following?

a. overtly controlled attention
b. exogenously controlled attention
c. endogenously controlled attention
d. automatically controlled attention

A

b. exogenously controlled attention

137
Q

After being shown the stimuli below, Mark is asked to describe what he saw. He reports that he saw a purple triangle and an orange elipse. He has completed which kind of error?

purple oval
green circle
orange triangle

a. single-feature error
b. conjunction error
c. visual search error
d. inattentional error

A

b. conjunction error - binding of features into single objects as an error

138
Q

With Treisman’s research on attentional tasks (When searching for green vs red squares of which the green are tilted, the task for seeking a missing tilting RED one) they proposed (1982) attentional processing is helping to bind the separate features in order to combine each item’s features to determine whether it is the target or not. With each additional distractor, less/more time is needed

A

more (approx 20 - 40 msec per item)

139
Q

Attention as a feature binder involves a binding problem with a visual search task in a lab with 3 Independent variables:
type of search
…
presence of target

A

number of distractors

140
Q

Attention as a feature binder involves a binding problem with a visual search task in a lab with 3 Independent variables:
type of search
number of distractors
presence of target
The dependent variable is…

A

reaction time to respond (ms)

141
Q

According to feature integration theory, visual search process begins with an object, followed by a _ stage (analysis into features), then a focused attention stage (combining features) and then perception

A

preattentive stage

142
Q

Attention as a filter is an example of the theory of _ attention

A

selective
e.g., wanting to study requires filtering out other distractions of my attention

143
Q

Vigilance is a theory that incorporates attention as a type of _

A

spotlight - suggests that attention is specific to a certain space (e.g., a cue comes before a red block. Its ‘validity’ is based on whether it pre-emptively cues for the actual space the target ends up in)

144
Q

Attention as a mental resource is associated with the theory of _ attention

A

divided attention, i.e., multi-tasking - there is only so much attentional load at one time, so when trying to do tasks sometimes it is even in attention, but more often a more difficult task requires the bulk of the processing and the latter is pushed aside or hardly noticed

145
Q

Attention as a feature binder is associated with the theory of _ _

A

visual search - it considers attention on a specific space, but also considers features

this differs from vigilance, which is specific to spatial consideration. this seems to be the accepted model for attention

146
Q

Charlie Wearing had a huge deficit in _TM, but has quite a lot of _TM, and has great motor ability.

A

STM

he understands facts and people who he’s known for years, but not things that happen more than 7 seconds ago

147
Q

What was the independent variable of the experiment (seeing words on a screen and having to write them, whether or not I repeated other words before writing them down; can be more than one)?

a. articulatory suppression
b. visual similarity of the words
c. number of lists correctly recalled
d. phonological similarity of the words

A

a. articulatory suppression
b. visual similarity of the words

148
Q

What was the dependent variable of the experiment (seeing words on a screen and having to write them, whether or not I repeated other words before writing them down; can be more than one)

a. articulatory suppression
b. visual similarityof the words
c. number of lists correctly recalled
d. phonological similarity of the words

A

c. number of lists correctly recalled

149
Q

Was this experiment a between-subjects or within-subjects design (seeing words on a screen and having to write them, whether or not I repeated other words before writing them down; can be more than one)?
a. between-subjects
b. within-subjects

A

b. within-subjects

150
Q

In order to investigate whether visual similarity influences serial recall, which statistical test(s) should we use?

a. independent samples t test
b. paired samples t test
c. ANOVA
d. I don’t remember

A

b. paired samples t test (within subjects)

151
Q

What is Logie et al.’s hypothesis concerning this experiment ((seeing words on a screen and having to write them, whether or not I repeated other words before writing them down; can be more than one)?

a. word similarity won’t affect recall
b. recall will be better for visually similar words
c. recall will be better for visually dissimilar words
d. recall of similar and dissimilar words will depend on articulatory suppression

A

c. recall will be better for visually dissimilar words

152
Q

_ rehearsal process converts incoming verbal info into a verbal code

A

articulatory

if you suppress this, then you are forced to only use the visual info, and no auditory info

153
Q

Articulatory _ provides evidence for articulatory rehearsal process

A

suppression

if you say la la la during experiment, there is no way to convert visual into verbal output; it prevents encoding into the phonological loop

154
Q

Articulatory suppression serves to:
disrupt _
reduce (or eliminates) phonological similarity effect and word length effect

A

recall

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