Ch.8 Study Guide

Question 1

A hormone might be used in the endocrine ____________________ (& possibly synaptic communication???)

Answer 1

communication

Question 2

Allomone Communication- some ______________ signals are released by members of 1 species to affect the behavior of individuals of another species

Answer 2

chemical

Question 3

Hormones are ____________ secreted by a cell group that travel through the bloodstream to act on target tissues

Answer 3

chemicals

Question 4

Endocrine glands release hormones _________ the body

Answer 4

within

Question 5

Exocrine glands use ducts to secrete _______ outside the body, such as tears and sweat

Answer 5

fluid

Question 6

Target Cells are cells that are receptive to a secreted ______________

Answer 6

hormone

Question 7

Tropic Hormones- travels throughout the __________________ reaching all glands, but only the target glands have the appropriate receptors to respond to it. Once the tropic hormone reaches a target gland, it drives the gland to produce its own hormone.

Answer 7

bloodstream

Question 8

Function of Tropic Hormones- regulate the activity of ________endocrine organs throughout the body

Answer 8

major

Question 9

Peptide Hormone- small protein molecules made up of a short string of __________ acids

Answer 9

amino

Question 10

Amine Hormone- smaller/simpler(than peptide hormone), consisting of a modified version of a __________ amino acid

Answer 10

single

Question 11

Steroid Hormone- derived from cholesterol and share its structure of ______ rings of carbon atoms

Answer 11

Four

Question 12

Peptide/Amine Hormones bind to specific receptor ________ on the surface of the target cell & activate chemicals signals inside the cell that are called 2nd messengers

Answer 12

proteins

Question 13

Steroid Hormone- easily pass through cell _____________, so their receptors are generally located inside the target cells. When a steroid molecule & a receptor molecule combine, the steroid-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the cell & binds to the DNA, controlling the expression of specific genes

Answer 13

membranes

Question 14

Pheromone is chemical signal that is ____________ outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species.

Answer 14

Released

Question 15

Allomone is chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and ____________ the behavior of other species.

Answer 15

affects

Question 16

Pituitary Gland- A small, complex ______________ gland located in a socket at the base of the skull.

Answer 16

endocrine

Question 17

Pituitary Stalk is a thin piece of ________ that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Answer 17

tissue

Question 18

Neuroendocrine Cell is a neuron that ____________ hormones into local or general circulation.

Answer 18

releases

Question 19

Pituitary Gland- “Master Gland” function is to ________ & release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions, including:
Growth
Metabolism (how your body transforms and manages the energy from the food you eat)
Reproduction
Response to stress or trauma
Lactation

Answer 19

produce

Question 20

Pituitary Stalk Function- acts as a vital bridge __________________ the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, facilitating communication and hormonal regulation. It carries both blood vessels and nerves, allowing for the transmission of hormones and nerve impulses between these two crucial brain structures.

Answer 20

connecting

Question 21

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release one or both gonadotropins called __________-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 21

follicle

Question 22

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Function- follicle __________ in the ovaries and is essential for the menstrual cycle.

Answer 22

growth

Question 23

Luteinizing hormone (LH) function- regulate hormone ______________ and reproductive ______________. In women, LH stimulates ovulation, promotes the formation of the corpus luteum, and regulates hormone production, including estrogen and progesterone. In men, LH stimulates the production of testosterone by the Leydig cells in the testes.

Answer 23

production, processes

Question 24

The hypothalamus controls gonadal hormone production by releasing
_________________________________ into the median eminence

Answer 24

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 25

Lordosis- a female receptive __________ in 4-legged animals in which the hindquarters are raised and the tail is turned to one side, facilitating intromission by the male

Answer 25

posture

Question 26

Guinea ___ (rodents) is discussed in displaying Lordosis

Answer 26

Pig

Question 27

Lordosis posture is displayed with female guinea pig normally in response to _____ mounting

Answer 27

male

Question 28

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) ____________ the beginning of ovulation

Answer 28

triggers

Question 29

Oral contraceptives(birth control pills) work in the _________ body by- They typically contain synthetic versions of the hormones estrogen and progestin, or progestin alone, and work by inhibiting ovulation and changing cervical mucus.

Answer 29

female

Question 30

The evidence for a biological origin to sexual orientation is- the differences in fetal exposure to testosterone could also organize developing brains to be attracted to females or males in ______________ (Pg 284- sexual orientation)

Answer 30

adulthood

Question 31

The vomeronasal organ in rats consists of specialized receptors ______ near to, but separate from the olfactory epithelium. these sensory cells detect chemicals called pheromones that are released by other individuals.(Pg 266- Vomeronasal)

Answer 31

cells

Question 32

The difference between a hormone’s organizational effect and its activational effect- organizational effects(______ lasting) occur during critical developmental periods and are generally permanent, while activational effects(short term) occur in adulthood and are reversible

Answer 32

long

Question 33

Some markers that appear in women who may have been exposed to higher levels of androgens during fetal development are- - sounds emitted from the ears -Patterns of eye blinks -finger length patterns - marked as _________ by their parents, exhibit enhanced spatial abilities on cognitive tests that usually favors males

Answer 33

tomboys

Question 34

The findings of LeVay in his studies on sexually dimorphic areas of the brain- sexual orientation is "______ in" (try going to pg 280 too near figure 8.31)

Answer 34

built

Question 35

The effect of exposing rats to sex hormones of the opposite sex during fetal development (In other words, exposing female rat fetuses to testosterone and male rat fetuses to estrogen.)- - female rats: increase masculinization -male rats: _________ femininity

Answer 35

increase

Question 36

Sexual differentiation- the process by which individuals develop either male-like or __________-like bodies and behaviors

Answer 36

female

Question 37

Sexual determination- refers to the biological mechanisms that determine whether an organism develops as _____ or female

Answer 37

male

Question 38

In females, the ____________________ ducts develop into the oviducts tubes, the ________, and inner vagina— while the Wolffian ducts shrink

Answer 38

mullerian, uterus

Question 39

In males, the wolffian ducts develop into the __________________, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles, and the Müllerian ducts shrink.

Answer 39

epididymis