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L3 MR Anglais > Chap 1 Part 2 : Rewarding and praising children > Flashcards

Chap 1 Part 2 : Rewarding and praising children Flashcards

1
Q

development psychology =

A

lifespan psychology

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2
Q

What is the “overjustification hypothesis” ?

A

the statement that a person’s intrinsic interest in an activity may be decreased by inducing him to engage in that activity as an explicit means to some extrinsic goal

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3
Q

What experiment conducted Lepper and Greene to test the overjustification hypothesis ?

A

they measured the intrinsic motivation for drawing of preschool children
then
3 groups with 3 conditions : children asked to draw to obtain a reward / children receiving a reward unexpectedly / children with no reward
the children asked to draw with the markers in order to obtain a reward subsequently showed less intrinsic motivation for drawing than the 2 other groups

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4
Q

What are mindsets, according to Carole Dweck

A

mindsets are people’s lay beliefs about the nature of human attributes, such as intelligence or personnality.

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5
Q

Carole Dweck identified 2 types of mindsets, which ones ?

A
  • some people hold a fixed mindset and believe that human attributes are simply fixed traits
  • the contrary is growth mindset
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6
Q

fixed mindset comes from which theory ?

A

entity theory (Dweck)

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7
Q

growth mindset comes from which theory ?

A

incremental theory (Dweck)

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8
Q

What are the caracteristics of people holding a fixed mindset ?

A
  • people with a fixed mindset about their own traits tend to avoid challenges fo fear of showing themselves to be unintelligent
  • they tend to show less resilience in the face of setbacks
  • people with a fixed mindset about others tend to form rapid trait-based judgments
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9
Q

croyances naïves

A

lay beliefs

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10
Q

éloge, compliment, approbation

A

praise

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11
Q

Discrimination takes various specific forms, each of them related to a different prejudice (5)

A
  • racism
  • ageism
  • sexism
  • homophobia
  • weightism
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12
Q

Various psychosocial theories have been advanced to explain the processes at work in discrimination, they can be divided into two groups

A
  • one group of theories is based on how individuals analyse information
  • the other is based on relationships between groups
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13
Q

At the individual level, there are 3 factors underlying prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination

A
  • stereotypes enable people to reduce the amount of information they have to process, which limits the “cognitive load”
  • stereotypes allow people to make judgements which have more chance of being socially accepted
  • they are part of each individual’s culture and are triggered automatically
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14
Q

At the collective level, 2 main factors come into play

A
  • when individuals suffer from discrimination and see the situation as unjust, they tend to seek a better place in society
  • individual members of dominant groups have their self-esteem enhanced by belonging to that group
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15
Q

Treating an individual favourably or unfavourably because s/he is a member of a specified group

A

discrimination

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16
Q

A negative or positive attitude towards a target, expressed in the form of unreasoned rejection or approval, for instance “I hate children” or “I love black women”

A

prejudice

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17
Q

Statements such as “gay men are effeminate”, “black people are good athletes”, “women are intuitive” indicating the direction (positive or negative) of the prejudice

A

stereotypes

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18
Q

This dimension of an attitude is expressed by prejudice

A

affective

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19
Q

This dimension of an attitude is expressed by stereotypes

A

cognitive

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20
Q

This dimension is an action demonstration prejudice

A

behavioural

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21
Q

Giving a particular group special favours, or crediting it with responsibility for positive situations

A

direct positive discrimination

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22
Q

Generally takes place towards members of outgroups

A

direct negative discrimination

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23
Q

Appears when an outgroup is treated better than an ingroup

A

favoritism toward the outgroup

24
Q

An affect that can make it impossible for members of certain groups to rise to the top jobs in a business

A

glass ceiling

25
Q

An affect that can be observed in relation to blocking key positions which lead to those top jobs

A

glass partition

26
Q

Piling up problems for a colleague, so that in the end the colleague gives up trying to succeed, and thus confirms the negative stereotype

A

swing door effect

27
Q

Means that when a manager wants to recruit or promote someone, s/he gives preferential treatment to individuals with a similar educational, social or cultural background to him/herself. It gives the manager the false impression that s/he can predict how the other person will behave

A

social reproduction

28
Q

Involves preferentially recruiting or promoting people who are part of the network and thus vouched for by other close colleagues. It gives the manager the false impression that s/he will be able to control how the other person behaves

A

cooptation

29
Q

What is the experiment of François Le Poultier in 1987 ?

A

“videos showing 2 people talking with no sound, subjetcs are asked to look at the non verbal language, then a list of 40 adjectives usually used to describe personnality
conditions
- friends
- social worker and a social disadvantaged person
- social worker and social disadvantaged person with the roles exchanged
-> the same woman was described with different adjectives according to the experimental condition
-> the persons were discribed more from the role played with really typical adjectives than on themselves

30
Q

Real conflicts” (page 22) refer to “realistic group conflict theory” suggesting that prejudice arises

A

when groups compete for scarce resources

31
Q

Merging two organizations into one can result in a lot of problems between the two former organizational groups. What is the best way to reduce intergroup bias?

A

Encourage personal contact between individuals and former out-group members (decategorization)

32
Q

The idea that we find it useful to put people, ourselves included, into categories is an important assumption of

A

social identity

33
Q

Marx described the oppressive hierarchy of hegemonic group(s) dominating negative reference groups. In his examples the bourgeoisie (owning class) dominate the proletariat (working class) by controlling capital (the means of production), not paying workers enough, and so on… Which theory referring to group-based social hierarchies in societies could have been influenced by Marxist’s ideas?

A

Social Dominance Theory

34
Q

Individuals are more inclined to defend their cherished worldviews–as well as to perceive members of their own collective more favorably than members of other collectives–after they reflect upon their mortality; In other words, after mortality is primed, the traditional in-group bias is exacerbated. What does this definition refer to?

A

Terror Management Theory

35
Q

If an African-American woman has recently had her femininity made salient to her, she will think more of herself as a woman than as an African-American at that particular time. To what theory could you refer to describe this reaction?

A

Distinctiveness

36
Q

In Laurin, Kay, and Moscovitch’s study, when individuals receive information that implies that events might be random rather than structured, they become more inclined to believe the world is controlled by a God. This result could be explained by

A

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

37
Q

The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of ______?_______ between the groups

A

conflicts

38
Q

The idea that under certain circumstances, direct encounter between rival groups will reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, is termed

A

contact hypothesis

39
Q

What is the Edward Thorndike law of effect (Thorndike, 1911) ?

A

the more that positive consequences follow from a given behaviour, the more likely the organism is to repeat this behavior under similar circumstances

40
Q

What did Warneken, Tomasello and colleagues find out about children natural motivation to do good ?

A

even very young children (1 year old) have a strong intrinsic motivation to altruistic behaviours
but
extrinsic motivational rewards, such as token, may reduce even young children’s intrinsic desire to help others

41
Q

Dweck and her colleagues have investigated the consequences of what kind of praise ?

A
  • person-directed praise (intelligence-directed)

- process-directed praise

42
Q

What were the conclusions of the Dweck and colleagues experiments about praise ?

A
  • personal directed praise led children to give up sooner when faced with challenging tasks
  • process directed praise led children to want to persevere and spontaneously provide suggestions for how to solve the challenging tasks
    In the follow-up studies, they have shown that the phenomenon applies accross genders, ethnic groups, geographical regions and across different types of tasks
43
Q

How did Dweck investigate preschool children’s reaction to negative feedback ?

A

children witnessed puppets realising easy tasks
then the puppets received 2 kinds of criticism : about the process and about the person
the results showed that the process directed criticism made the children report that the puppets wanted to overcome the challenges.
In contrast person-directed criticism made children attribute a helpless attitude to the puppets

44
Q

A xxx program is used to give children rewards such as stickers or token for completing tasks or homework

A

token economy

45
Q

A focus on xxx in the 1960s and 70s led to the idea that uncritical praise promoted self-esteem

A

self-esteem

46
Q

Praise such as “Good boy” or “you’re so smart” could be characterized as

A

person-directed criticism

47
Q

Praise such as “You worked hard on that problem” could be characterized as

A

process-directed praise

48
Q

An example of the combination of the 2 types of praise, called xxx would be “what a nice drawing”

A

product-directed praise

49
Q

Some people believe that personal qualities such as intelligence and ability are fixed and unchangeable; This belief makes such people anxious to prove that they are intelligent and able, and thus drives them to have performance goals. This definition refers to:

A

entity theory (Dweck)

50
Q

According to Thorndike mentioned in the text, responses followed by a satisfying effect are strengthened and likely to occur again in a particular situation, but responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to occur again in a particular situation.” What principle does this statement describe?

A

the law of effect

51
Q

Which of the following terms refers to self-evaluations in the different domains of an individual’s life?

A

self-concept

52
Q

Some people believe that intelligence and ability can change over time with experience. Dweck calls this ___?___. The goal of such people is not to prove their competence, but increase it, a strategy which refers to ____?____

A

incremental theory; mastery-oriented goals

53
Q

Carol Dweck defines the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves (e.g. intelligence) as:

A

mindset

54
Q

Researchers interested in studying helping behavior have used accomplices to “fake” accidents on subway trains, in front of movie theaters, and on highways to see how people would react. Often the people help the apparent “victim.” These interventions in the real world illustrate a methodology also used by Lepper and his colleagues:

A

field experiment

55
Q

What percentage of US people asked by Dweck thought that praising children’s “self” or abilities was the most important cue in education?

A

85%

L3 MR Anglais (6 decks)

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