Chap 10-14 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chap 10-14 Deck (53)
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1
Q

Wealth

A

The value of a person’s or family’s economic assets, including income, personal property, and income producing property

2
Q

Prestige

A

The regard with which a person or status position is regarded by others

3
Q

Power

A

Ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others

4
Q

Power elite

A

A small groups of top leaders from corporations, politics, and military

5
Q

Social mobility

A

The movement ff individuals or groups from one lever in a stratification system to another

6
Q

Intergenerational mobility

A

The social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next

7
Q

Intragenerational mobility

A

Social movement of individuals within their own lifetime

8
Q

Open system

A

Boundaries between hierarchies may be influenced

9
Q

Closed system

A

Boundaries between hierarchies are rigid, people’s position are set by ascribed status

10
Q

Master-Slave system

A

An extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others and is a closed system

11
Q

Caste system

A

Relatively rigid stratification system in which people’s position are ascribed and fixed and is a closed system

12
Q

Class system

A

Relatively open system in which people’s position are achieved and changeable

13
Q

Horizontal mobility

A

Occurs when people experience a gain or loss in position and or income that does not produce a change in their place in the class structure

14
Q

Vertical mobility

A

Movement up or down in the class structure

15
Q

Reputational method

A

Method of identifying social classes by selecting a group of people and asking them to rank others

16
Q

Subjective method

A

Asking people to rank themselves

17
Q

Objective method

A

Method of identifying social classes using income, occupation, and education to rank people

18
Q

Upper Class

A

Comprised of people who own substantial income producing assists

19
Q

Upper middle class

A

Consists of people in highly profitable careers based on university degrees and authority on the job

20
Q

Middle class

A

Made up of people with a minimum of a high school diploma or a community college degree

21
Q

Working class

A

Consist of primarily of those who have little education and whose jobs are manual and carry little prestige

22
Q

Lower class

A

Characterized by poverty and joblessness

23
Q

Life chances

A

Refer to the likelihood of a good, long, successful life in a society

24
Q

Absolute poverty

A

Refers to the lack of minimum food and shelter necessary for maintaining life

25
Q

Relative poverty

A

Refers to the state of deprivation resulting from having less that the majority of the people

26
Q

Feminization of poverty

A

Refers to huge number of women bearing the burden of poverty, mostly as single mothers or heads of families

27
Q

Blame the poor theories

A

The poor are believed to have failed to grab opportunities by not working hard

28
Q

Modernization theory

A

A model of economic and social change that explains global inequality in terms of differing levels of the technological development among societies

29
Q

Dependency theory

A

States that rich nations exploit poor ones for power and commercial gain, thereby perpetuating poverty, underdevelopment, and dependency on rich nations

30
Q

Dominant group

A

One that is advantages and has superior resources and rights in a society

31
Q

Subordinate group

A

One whose members are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who are regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

32
Q

White privilege

A

Rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor simply because they are white

33
Q

Race

A

Socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

34
Q

Ethnicity

A

A shared cultural heritage. Share common ancestry and or cultural religious customs

35
Q

Symbolic ethnicity

A

An emphasis on such concerns as ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one’s ethnic heritage

36
Q

Social construction of race

A

The process by which people come to define a group as a race based in part on physical characteristics, but also an historical, cultural, and economic factors

37
Q

Prejudice

A

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial group

38
Q

Stereotype

A

Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group

39
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The tendency to assume that one’a own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others

40
Q

Racism

A

Belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior

41
Q

The function aggression hypothesis

A

States that people who are frustrated in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of aggression toward others
The object of their aggression becomes the scape goat

42
Q

Authoritarian personality

A

Personality type characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking

43
Q

Exploration theory

A

States that racism keeps members of subordinate groups in low paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with cheap labor

44
Q

Racial profiling

A

Arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than a person’s behavior

45
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

States that interracial contact between people of equal status who are engaged in a cooperative task will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon precious stereotypes

46
Q

Discrimination

A

The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias
Action or practice

47
Q

Isolate discrimination

A

Harmful action taken by a member of the dominant group against a member of the subordinate group. This occurs without the support of other group members

48
Q

Small group discrimination

A

Harmful action intentionally taken by a limited number of dominant group members against members of subordinate groups

49
Q

Direct institutionalized discrimination

A

Norma set by organizations or communities that have a negative impact on members of subordinate groups

50
Q

Indirect institutionalized discrimination

A

Practices that may have a harmful effect on subordinate group members even though these norms or regulations were initially established with no intent to harm

51
Q

Glass ceiling

A

Refers to an invisible barrier that blocks promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individuals gender, race, or ethnicity

52
Q

Affective action

A

Refers to the positive efforts to recruit members of subordinate groups or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

53
Q

Social stratification

A

Refers to a system in which some people get fewer or more rewards than others