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Med Term - Exam 2 > Chap 11 Textbook Notes > Flashcards

Chap 11 Textbook Notes Flashcards

1
Q

blood flow to the heart

A

superior/inferior vena cava, R atrium, tricuspid valve, R ventricle, pulmonary artery, lung capillaries, pulmonary vien, L atrium, mitral valve, L ventricle, aorta, rest of the body

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2
Q

atrioventricular bundle

bundle of His

A

Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them. His is pronounced
“hiss.”

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3
Q

atrioventricular node

AV node

A

Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles.

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4
Q

atrium (plural: atria)

A

One of two upper chambers of the heart.

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5
Q

coronary arteries

A

Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

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6
Q

diastole

A

Relaxation phase of the heartbeat

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7
Q

electrocardiogram

A

Record of the electricity flowing through the heart. The electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T.

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8
Q

endocardium

A

Inner lining of the heart.

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9
Q

endothelium

A

Innermost lining of blood vessels.

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10
Q

mitral valve

A

Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

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11
Q

murmur

A

Abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart
valves.

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12
Q

myocardium

A

Muscular, middle layer of the heart

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13
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute.

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14
Q

pacemaker (sinoatrial node) SA

A

Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the
heartbeat. An artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning.

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15
Q

pericardium

A

double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

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16
Q

pulmonary artery

A

Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

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17
Q

septum (plural: septa)

A 
Partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and
left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum)
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18
Q

sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

pacemaker of the heart

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19
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

Instrument to measure blood pressure.

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20
Q

systole

A

Contraction phase of the heartbeat.

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21
Q

tricuspid valve

A

Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three (tri-) leaflets, or cusps

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22
Q

vein

A

Thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back
to the heart. Veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.

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23
Q 
vena cava (plural: venae
cavae)
A

Largest vein in the body. The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart

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24
Q

angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o

A

vessel

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25
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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26
Q

arter/o, arteri/o

A

artery

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27
Q

ather/o

A

yellowish plaque, fatty substance

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28
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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29
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

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30
Q

cardi/o, coron/o

A

heart

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31
Q

cholesterol/o

A

cholesterol

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32
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

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33
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

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34
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

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35
Q

pericardi/o

A

pericardium

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36
Q

phleb/o, ven/o, ven/i

A

vein

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37
Q

rrhythm/o

A

rhythm

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38
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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39
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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40
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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41
Q

valvul/o, valv/o

A

valve

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42
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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43
Q

arrhythmias

A

Abnormal heart rhythms

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44
Q

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

A

Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His).

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45
Q

flutter

A

Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria.

46
Q

fibrillation

A

Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute).

47
Q

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

A

cardiac arrest

48
Q

Catheter ablation

A

minimally invasive treatment to treat cardiac arrhythmias. destroys tissue that causes
arrhythmias.

49
Q

coarctation of the aorta

CoA

A

Narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta.

congenital

50
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

Passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth.

51
Q

septal defects

A

Small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects).

52
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

fă-LŌ

A

Congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects.

• Pulmonary artery stenosis. Pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed.
• Ventricular septal defect. Large hole // 2 ventricles lets venous blood pass from the R to the L ventricle and out to the aorta w/o
oxygenation.
• Shift of the aorta to the R. Aorta overrides the interventricular septum.
Oxygen-poor blood passes from R ventricle to the aorta.
• Hypertrophy of the R ventricle. Myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery.

53
Q

congestive heart failure

CHF

A

Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood.

L = pulmonary edema
R = systemic edema
54
Q

coronary artery disease

CAD

A

CAD usually result of atherosclerosis, fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries

  • Nitrates - vasodilators - lowers BP
  • Beta-blockers - blocks epinephrine - lowers BP
55
Q

Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)

A

conditions caused by myocardial
ischemia, conditions are unstable angina (chest pain at rest or chest pain of increasing frequency) and myocardial infarction

56
Q

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

A

treat CAD by replacing clogged vessels

57
Q

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A

catheterization with balloons and stents opens clogged coronary arteries

58
Q

endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

59
Q

hypertensive heart disease

A

High blood pressure affecting the heart

60
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

Improper closure of the mitral valve.

61
Q

pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart.

62
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

Compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity

63
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

64
Q

aneurysm

A

Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall.

65
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

66
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

High blood pressure

67
Q

peripheral arterial disease

PAD

A

Blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs.

68
Q

Raynaud (rā-NŌ) disease

A

Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes.

69
Q

varicose veins

A

Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs.

70
Q

acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)

A

Unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries.

71
Q

angina (pectoris)

A

Chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia.

72
Q

auscultation

A

Listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope.

73
Q

claudication

A

Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.

74
Q

infarction

A

Area of dead tissue

75
Q

BNP test

A

Measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood.

76
Q

cardiac biomarkers

A

Chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack. troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT)

77
Q

lipid tests (lipid profile)

A

Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample

78
Q

lipoprotein electrophoresis

A

Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample.

low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

79
Q

LDL

A

atherosclerosis

80
Q

HDL

A

protect adults from atherosclerosis.

Factors that increase HDL are estrogen, exercise, and alcohol in moderation.

81
Q

angiography

A

X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material.

82
Q

computed tomography

angiography (CTA)

A

Three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries
using computed tomography (64-slice CT scanner).

83
Q

digital subtraction

angiography (DSA)

A

Video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels.

84
Q

electron beam computed

tomography (EBCT or EBT)

A

Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around
coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD.

85
Q

Doppler ultrasound studies

A

Sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels.

86
Q

echocardiography (ECHO)

A

Echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart

87
Q

positron emission

tomography (PET) scan

A

Images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose.

88
Q

technetium Tc 99m

sestamibi scan

A

Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning.

89
Q

thallium 201 scan

A

Concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle.

90
Q

cardiac MRI

A

Images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field.

91
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery.

92
Q

electrocardiography (ECG)

A

Recording of electricity flowing through the heart.

93
Q

Holter monitoring

A

An ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac
arrhythmias.

94
Q

stress test

A 
Exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart’s response to
physical exertion (stress).
95
Q

catheter ablation

A

Brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias

96
Q

coronary artery bypass

grafting (CABG)

A

Arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages.

97
Q

defibrillation

A

Brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop
dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation).

98
Q

endarterectomy

A

Surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery.

99
Q

extracorporeal circulation

A

Heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired.

100
Q

percutaneous coronary

intervention (PCI)

A

Balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place.

101
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

Drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis.

102
Q

transcatheter aortic valve

replacement (TAVR)

A

Placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter.

103
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Force that blood exerts on arterial walls

Hypertension - BP > 140/90 mm Hg

104
Q

Right Sided ❤️ Failure

A
  • Fatigue
  • Increase peripheral venous pressure
  • Ascites
  • Enlarged Liver & Spleen
  • weight gain
  • distended jugular veins
  • dependent edema
105
Q

Left Sided ❤️ Failure

A
  • blood tinged sputum
  • cough, wheeze
  • orthopnea
  • restlessness and confusion
106
Q

Statins

A

Class of drugs that lowers lvls of cholesterol in the blood by reducing the production of cholesterol by the liver

107
Q

-constriction

A

Narrowing

108
Q

-dilation

A

Widening; expanding

109
Q

-megaly

A

Enlargement

110
Q

de-

A

Lack of, down, less, removal of

Med Term - Exam 2 (6 decks)

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