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understanding human disease > chap 5 - neoplasm > Flashcards

chap 5 - neoplasm Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

neoplasm

A

uncontrolled growth of cells, benign or malignant
- new growth, doesn’t tell you if it is cancerous, just tells you that there is growth

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2
Q

tumor

A

a non-specific term meaning lump or swelling, often synonyms, for neoplasm

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3
Q

benign

A

mass of cells that remain confined to their site of origin, no spreading to a distal site

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4
Q

metastasis

A

discontinuous spread of a malignant neoplasm to distant sites
- spread by? blood, lymphatics, lymph nodes

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5
Q

cancer

A

any malignant neoplasm or tumor

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6
Q

benigh

A

growth rate: slow
growth character: expansion
tumor spread: remains localized
cell differentiation: well-differentiated cells

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7
Q

malignant

A

growth rate: rapid
growth character: infiltration
tumor spread: metastasis by bloodstream or lymphatic channels
cell differentiation: poorly differentiated

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8
Q

carcinoma

A

malignancy of epithelial cells

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9
Q

sarcoma

A

malignancy of connective tissue

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10
Q

melanoma

A

malignancy of skin

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11
Q

lymphoma

A

malignancy of lymphoid tissue

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12
Q

cancer statistics

A

most commonly diagnosed in women is breast cancer and most commonly diagnosed in men is prostate cancer
- the cancer that leads to the most deaths is lung cancer

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13
Q

age of cancer occurence

A

carcinomas are most common with age because everytime a cell divides there is a change for mutation

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14
Q

mutations

A

change in the dna

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15
Q

mutations occur

A

in germline or somatic cells

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16
Q

mutations can be

A

large or small scall

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17
Q

to be carcinogenic

A

genetic alteration must promote a growth advantage

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18
Q

transformation

A

normal cell is transformed into cancer cell, accumulating mutations that cause a growth advantage

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19
Q

categories of mutant genes

A

oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

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20
Q

proto-oncogene

A

usually involved in cell growth and/or cell division, normal associated with growth and division,
- green light
growth factors, growth factor receptors, kinases

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21
Q

oncogene

A

proto-oncogene that has been mutated

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22
Q

oncogenes: RAS

A

mutation in RAS leads to constitutively activated protein
- important for signaling
- always “on” - the cell loses its ability to turn on and off

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23
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

detect and repair defective DNA before cell can undergo mitosis, suppresses a tumor, act in the cell cycle and put the brakes on the cells ability to stop

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24
Q

p53

Study These Flashcards
A

tumor suppressor gene, most commonly mutated
- over 50% of cancers have mutated p53
- halts the cell cycle

25
carcinogenesis
creation of cancer
26
cancer may be
hereditary or sporadic
27
herditary
inherit copy of mutant gene - first "hit" -subsequent additional mutations -5-10% of cancers
28
sporadic
mutations are acquired - majority of cancers
29
familial adenomatous polyposis
first hit is inherited mutation in APC gene - additional mutations over time develop as polyp - if left in place, adenomatous polyps can undergo further genetic alteration and develop into cancer
30
what can cause mutations?
chemicals, radiation, infectious agents, familial predisposition
31
chemicals that can lead to mutation
initiating chemical causes mutation, additional chemical promotes growth, ex: tobacco smoke, asbestos, etc
32
radiation causing mutation
ionizing radiation, effects are dose-dependent, ultraviolet
33
infectious agents cause mutation
oncogenic viruses - hpv, epstein-barr virus, hep b and hep c
34
familial predisposition causing mutation
increased risk of developing cancer at a younger age, inherited first hit
35
inherited cancer predisposition
cancer predisposition, not necessarily inheritance of mutated gene, individual at risk has inherited set of genes that influence: - differences in circulating hormone levels - variations in which cells metabolize cancer causing chemicals - variations in ability to repair DNA - variations in efficiency of immune system
36
natural history of cancer
malignancies develop through premalignancy normal --> metaplasia --> dysplasia --> CIS
37
dysplasia
premalignant state, tissue is atypical, usually epithelium, does not necessarily progress to malignancy
38
carcinoma in situ (CIS)
cancer in place, not invasive as basement membrane intact, curable by complete excision, progression to invasion
39
invasion
local breakthrough of basement membrane
40
metastasis
occurs late in course of disease, major cause of morbidity and mortality
41
staging of cancer
stage describes extent of spread of cancer - tnm combines correspond to stages Stage 0: CIS Stage 1: not spread into surrounding tissues, but larger than stage 0 Stage 2: may extend to nearby tissue Stage 3: spread to nearby lymph nodes, but not other parts of body stage 4: spread to distant tissues and organs
42
tnm system
T describes tumor N describes extent of lymph node metastasis M describes whether distant metastasis has occurred
43
survival rate
measurement of 5 or 10 year survival is used for predicting behavior of cancers
44
cancer prognosis
mutations lead to de-differentiation of cell - cellular atypia frequent mitotic figures - high level of mitosis irregular nuclear placement - no longer in the right place - cancer cell bears little resemblance to normal cell from which it originated - basis of prognosis grading - how differentiated or undifferentiated the tumor looks
45
grade of tumor
microscopic assessment assessment of how differentiated tumor appears - degree of differentiation roughly estimate tumor's malignant potential
46
staging
behavioral assessment - size and extent of metastasis - helps plan the treatment cancer cells are differentiated to a greater or lesser degree
47
clinical detection of cancer
neoplasms come to clinical detection in a variety of ways - producing symptoms related to local growth - causing systemic manifestations - producing hormones
48
mass
cause pain, obstruction, palpable
49
hormone production
some neoplasms secrete hormones that lead to specific clinical manifestations - benign neoplasms of endocrine glands - malignant endocrine gland neoplasms - paraneoplastic syndromes manifestations of aberrant and uncontrolled hormone production by malignant neoplasm
50
systemic manifestations
many cancers metastasize to bone - anemia, osteoporosis, pathologic feature
51
cachexia
- generalized wasting that occurs in terminal cancer patients - not specific to cancer, often seen in patients with AIDS or other terminal illnesses contributing factors - anorexia, lack of appetite - nutritional demands of rapidly growing neoplasm
52
cancer treatment
depends on stage of disease -surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy
53
surgery
to prevent cancer - cure *only if the cancer hasn't metastasized yet - biopsy for diagnosis and staging - debulking surgery - palliative surgery
54
radiation
ionizing radiation goals: eradicate cancer without excessive toxicity, avoid damage to normal structure, normal cells can repair the damage better than the cancer cells, ionizing radiation damages the cancer cell's DNA
55
chemotherapy
chemicals target rapidly dividing cells, its nonspecific so all cells will be targeted
56
hormone therapy
receptor activation or blockage, interferes with cellular growth and signaling
57
immunotherapy
stimulating own immune system to better recognize cancer cell - tumor antibodies
58
targeted therapy
"precision medicine" - act on specific molecular targets = biopsying it first
59
caution
Change in bowel/bladder habits or function A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Nagging cough or hoarseness

understanding human disease (25 decks)

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