Chap 6 - Automated & emerging technologies (automatic systems, robotics, ai)

Question 1

which industries are automated systems used in

Answer 1

-industrial uses
-transport systems
-agriculture
-weather forecasting
-gaming
-lighting systems
-science

Question 2

define automated system

Answer 2

software & hardware designed & programmed to work automatically without needing human intervention

Question 3

what do automated systems require

Answer 3

an ideal situation

Question 4

what does automated systems contain & their functions

Answer 4

sensor- gets analogue data from environment
ADC - converts analogue data to digital data (interface)
microprocessor - processes digital data
DAC - converts digital data to analogue data (interface)
actuator - signal sent & does actions

Question 5

automated system in Nuclear power station

Answer 5

-microprocessor is Distributed control system (DCS)
-_____sensors send data to DCS in digital format after ADC continuously
-DCS compare data with set value in database
-DCS sends signals to actuators if needed to operate pumps & valves
-supervisor can override the system and shut down if needed

Question 6

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in nuclear power station (Same)

Answer 6

advantages:
-faster
-safer
-less expensive in the long run
disadvantages:
-expensive to set up initially
-need maintenance
-can get cyber attacked

Question 7

automated system in manufacturing paracetamol

Answer 7

-process 1 makes paracetamol, process 2 makes solid tablets
-________sensors monitor processes & send data to Central Comp. System in digital format continuously
-Comp. system compares values with stored values in database
-Comp. system sends signals to actuators if needed to operate pumps & valves
-supervisor can override the system and shut down if needed

Question 8

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in manufacturing paracetamol (Same)

Answer 8

advantages:
-faster
-safer
-less expensive in the long run
-(more consistent results)
disadvantages:
-expensive to set up initially
-need maintenance
-can get cyber attacked

Question 9

automated system in self parking cars

Answer 9

-__________sensors & camera gauge size of parking spot
-comp. warms driver of a suitable spot
-automated system is on
-__________sensors on bumpers transmit & receive signal & convert to digital format continuously
-microprocessor to calculate distance of surrounding obj. constantly
-microprocessor compares data with stored data in database
-sends signals for actuators to operate steering rack, break & throttle

Question 10

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in
self parking cars

Answer 10

advantages:
-safer - monitors surroundings
-car fits in smaller spaces
-more consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-risk of faulty sensors/ cameras
-over-reliance on system

Question 11

automated system in Adaptive cruise control

Answer 11

-cruising speed is set
-lasers sent out and received by ultrasonic sensors on bumper constantly & converted to digital format
-microprocessor calculates distance by time taken for laser to reflect back
-distance is compared to set speed value in database
-if car too close, signal sent for actuators to reduce throttle
-if car distance big, microprocessor checks if current speed = cruising speed
-if not, signal sent to increase/ decrease throttle
-process is looped until distance is safe/ speed good

Question 12

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in Adaptive cruise control

Answer 12

advantages:
-safer
-consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-maintenance

Question 13

automated system in water irrigation systems

Answer 13

-controller gets data from auto. weather station
-water level sensor used to check amount of water in irrigation system constantly & convert to digital data
-wireless receiver get data through wireless transmitters & sends to Controller
-Controller compares data from sensor with set values in database & signals weather station to stop / start water pumps
-supervisor can override the system if needed & can see the process from a central point

Question 14

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in water irrigation systems

Answer 14

advantages:
-faster
-safer for workers (high temps.)
-reduce labor
disadvantages:
-expensive to set up initially
-maintenance for system
-maintenance for water channels

Question 15

automated system in weather stations

Answer 15

-data from ______sensors sent to microprocessor constantly in digital format
-microprocessor calculates values / compares values with set value in database & stores it in a central database
-actuator is sent signal to tip bucket rain gauge at a specific time to measure rainfall
-reports are sent out to airports every 5 mins

Question 16

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in weather stations

Answer 16

advantages:
-accurate results
-consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-maintenance
-can get cyber attacked

Question 17

automated system in lighting systems

Answer 17

-as dark, ________sensor detects change in light constantly & converts to digital format
-microprocessor compares data with set values in database & sends signal to actuator to control LED lights
-inferred sensor acts as security device

Question 18

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in lighting systems

Answer 18

advantages:
-safer (wireless - no trailing wires)
-reduce energy consumption (light on only when needed)
-longer bulb life
disadvantages:
-expensive
-maintenance
-wireless less reliable than wired systems

Question 19

automated system in chemical process in lab

Answer 19

-level sensor & colorimeter data sent to microprocessor constantly in digital format
-microprocessor compare readings with set values in database & sends signals to actuator to operate taps

Question 20

advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in chemical process in lab

Answer 20

advantages:
-faster results
-safer (harmful chemicals)
-more consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-less flexible than human techniques

Question 21

components in nuclear power station

Answer 21

-sensor: temp., pressure, gas, flow level, radiation level
-microprocessor: Distributed Control System (DCS)
-actuator: pumps & valves
-supervisor

Question 22

components in manufacturing paracetamol

Answer 22

-sensors: temp. pH etc.
-microprocessor: Central Comp. system
-actuator: pumps, valves etc
-database
-supervisor

Question 23

components in self parking cars

Answer 23

-sensors: motion, infrared, proximity
-microprocessor
-actuator: steering rack, brake, throttle

Question 24

components in adaptive cruise control

Answer 24

-sensors: ultrasonic
-microprocessor
-actuator: throttle

Question 25

components in water irrigation systems

Answer 25

-sensors: water level, moisture -wireless receiver -microprocessor: Controller -actuator: water pumps -data from weather station -supervisor

Question 26

components in weather stations

Answer 26

-sensors: temp., humidity, wind speed, level, light, pressure -microprocessor -actuator: rain gauge -central database -battery

Question 27

components in gaming

Answer 27

-sensors: accelerometers, proximity -microprocessor -actuator

Question 28

components in lighting systems

Answer 28

-sensors: light, infrared, motion -microprocessor -actuator: lights

Question 29

components in chemical process in lab

Answer 29

-sensors: level, colorimeter -microprocessor -actuator

Question 30

types of sensors, function & application (change)

Answer 30

-temp. - temp. change; monitoring temp of paracetamol -pressure - pressure applied; detect presence of car when pressure is applied -gas - detect gas level present; monitor pollution, detect leaks in ac -radiation level - radiation; in nuclear power plants -humidity - water vapor in air; determine weather for weather stations -level - ultrasonic to detect change in level of liquid(level of liquid); monitor levels in petrol tank of car -light - light intensity; street light on & off -accelerometers - acceleration; to apply airbags in car when rapid deceleration, switch phone btw portrait & landscape -proximity - detect nearby obj. within distance; face is close to mobile screen -infrared (passive) - heat radiation given by obj.; security alarm - detect body heat -infrared (active) - when invisible radiation beam is broken, detect change in infrared radiation; security alarm- intruder breaks beam -motion - motion; detect people entering for lighting systems -colorimeter - colour; in chemical reactions -pH - acidity; making paracetamol -acoustic - convert detected sound into electrical signals; security alarm- pick up footsteps -moisture - water levels in; water level in soil to operate pumps -mag. field - mag. field changes; anti lock braking systems in car -flow - flow rate of liquid/ gas (amount of liquid); flow of liquid in chemical reaction -OCR - converts image text into digital data; camera

Question 31

define sensor

Answer 31

input device that takes reading of the environment & sends data to processor

Question 32

general advantage & disadvantage of automated systems

Answer 32

advantage: -faster than human operator -less expensive in long run -keep humans away from dangerous places disadvantage: -expensive to set up initially -cyber attacks -maintenance

Question 33

differences btw microprocessor & processor

Answer 33

processor - do many things, has more power microprocessor - does 1 thing only, specialised

Question 34

name of software used to convert data in pic

Answer 34

Optical Character Reader (OCR)

Question 35

note: mention specific sensors in Q

Question 36

note: automated systems allow processes to run at optimum conditions at all time

Question 37

note: automated systems will react more quickly to unusual process conditions than manual systems

Question 38

note: when ans questions on automated systems/ robotics -name sensor -continuously send data in digital format (ADC) -microprocessor compares data with stored value from database -the conditions if less, same or more -whole process repeated continuously (unless if need)

Question 39

define Optical Character Reader (OCR)

Answer 39

-converts image text into digital data

Question 40

define microprocessor

Answer 40

-processing unit that sends signal to actuator to perform an action based on data

Question 41

define actuator

Answer 41

device that performs actions based on microprocessor signals

Question 42

Robot plants seeds & stop when it reaches a fence, turns & continues. Explain how robot uses sensors & microprocessor to know it has reached a fence

Answer 42

-uses proximity sensor -sensor continuously sends digitalized data to microprocessor -microprocessor compares data to stored value -if value within range so the fence is far enough, robot continues -if value outside range so the fence is close, microprocessor sends signals to actuator to turn -process is repeated until it's turned off

Question 43

note: automatic systems applications https://docs.google.com/document/d/12qdyxn0ZHKsyLNhjot5thw2J1FbWc66hx6CqmCGpUv8/edit#heading=h.u9v2hp4pgfct

Question 44

define robotics

Answer 44

branch of comp sci that included design, construction & operation of robots

Question 45

3 laws of robotics

Answer 45

-robot should not hurt humans -robot must obey order from humans unless it conflicts with law 1 -robot must protect itself unless it conflicts law 1

Question 46

3 uses for robots in: -factories -home -drones

Answer 46

factories: -welding parts tgt -bottling & labelling plants -fitted windscreens to cars home: -autonomous floor sweepers -autonomous lawn mower -ironing robots drones: -make parcel deliveries -unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) -for aerial photos

Question 47

characteristics of robots

Answer 47

-ability to sense surroundings - through sensors -ability to move - they're mechanical structures made up of electrical components with end effectors which allows them to carry tasks -programmable - contains controllers which control the robot & can be programmable

Question 48

note: there are physical & software robots, only physical robots are true robots

Question 49

difference btw robots & ai

Answer 49

-robots do repetitive tasks -ai has adaptive human characterisitcs

Question 50

diff btw the types of robots & eg

Answer 50

independent: -autonomous -can replace human activity totally eg. self driving cars dependent: -needs human interfacing directly -supplements human activity eg. robots in car factories

Question 51

robots in industry

Answer 51

-robot's control is in microprocessor or comp. system 1) robot is programmed with instructions to carry out task 2.1) end effector is manually guided by workers & movements are stored as instructions 2.2) worker has sensors on him & info is sent to robot as instruction -the instructions are done repetitive & automatic -they have sensors to get info on surrounding

Question 52

advantages & disadvantages of robots in industry

Answer 52

advantages: -24/7 work -more consistent -less expensive in long run disadvantages: -unemployment -deskilling of workers -expensive initially

Question 53

robots in transport (vehicles)

Answer 53

-radar & ultrasonic sensors, cameras sends conditions of the road constantly; 3D image of surrounding -microprocessor sends signals to actuators

Question 54

advantages & disadvantages of robots in transport (vehicles)

Answer 54

advantages: -increased lane capacity -safer; less human error -less traffic congestion disadvantages: -expensive initially -cyber attacks -maintenance

Question 55

robots in transport (trains)

Answer 55

-uses Light Detection & Ranging (LiDaR) - uses lasers for 3D image of surroundings, proximity sensors & camera -use Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) for speed & direction in control system -actuators; speed, braking, doors

Question 56

advantages & disadvantages of robots in transport (trains)

Answer 56

advantages: -safer; less human error -more punctual trains -less energy consumption disadvantages: -expensive initially -not good with busy services -cyber attacks

Question 57

robots in transport (planes)

Answer 57

-sensors detect turbulence & depressurisation -use GPS for navigation & speed calculations -actuators; throttle, wings, rudder

Question 58

advantages & disadvantages of robots in transport (planes)

Answer 58

advantages: -less labor -safer -more aerodynamics; no need for cockpit for piolets disadvantages: -hijacking -emergency situations -maintenance

Question 59

robots in agriculture

Answer 59

Havrvesting & picking, weed control, seed distribution 2) harvesting & picking: -accurate (only pick ripe fruits) & faster -higher yield & less waste -no stalk damage to plant 2) weed control: -distinguish btw weed & plant -drone gets and aerial view & paths are programmed -directions use GPS 3) phenotyping: -spectral sensors & thermal cameras to create 3D image of plant to be monitored for health & growth -recognises issues & tells farmer -more accurate & faster than doing manually 4) seed planting & fertiliser distribution: -drone gets and aerial view -accurate seed planting & more efficient fertilier spreading -drones used for cloud seeding 5) autonomous agricultural devices: -uses sensors, cameras & programmed to stop when weather is bad eg. seeding robots, grass cutters

Question 60

advantages & disadvantages of robots in agriculture

Answer 60

1) harvesting & picking: advantages: more efficient, faster disadvantages: expensive initially, maintenance 2) weed control: advantages: eco- friendly, precise disadvantages: expensive initially, struggles identifying certain weeds 3) phenotyping: advantages: accurate, early detection of diseases disadvantages: expensive initially, needs advanced software 4) seed planting & fertiliser distribution: advantages: precise, less waste disadvantages: expensive initially, disrupted by bad weather 5) autonomous agricultural devices: advantages: less labor, 24/7 work disadvantages: expensive initially, unemployment

Question 61

robots in medicine

Answer 61

-quicker & less costly operations -robotic surgery; minor surgery -monitor patients -disinfect operation rooms -take blood samples from patients -microbots for target therapy; localise drug in 1 spot & less damage to other tissues -prosthetic limbs; bionic skin & neural implants interface with nervous system for better control of limb

Question 62

advantages & disadvantages of robots in medicine

Answer 62

advantages: -doc & nurses are freed for more skilled work -safer for doc & nurses if patient has infectious diseases disadvantages: expensive initially, maintenance

Question 63

robots in home

Answer 63

1 & 2) autonomous vacuum cleaners & grass cutters: -proximity sensors & cameras to avoid bumping -microprocessor to control robot & programmable by user -actuators control motors 3) personal assistants: -controlled by microprocessor -understands voice commands & answers -has HD camera & comp. vision to recognise people's faces & navigate room

Question 64

robots in entertainment

Answer 64

1) theme parks: -dress as cartoon characters which engage with visitors 2) music festivals: -control lightning, visual effects & animation sync with music 3) film making -control cameras; keep them steady 4) humanoid robots: -stunt actions & use comp. generated imagery (CGI) 5) special effects -sync actions & special affects

Question 65

define dependent robot

Answer 65

robot that requires human interface to operate & supplements human activities

Question 66

define end effector

Answer 66

device attached to robot which allows it to carry out tasks

Question 67

define ai

Answer 67

branch of comp. sci which simulates human intelligence by a comp.

Question 68

types of ai

Answer 68

-narrow ai - specific task & better than humans eg. chat bot, facial recognition systems -general ai - range of task & similar to humans -strong ai - range of task & better than humans

Question 69

2 types of ai systems

Answer 69

-expert system -machine learning

Question 70

characteristics of ai

Answer 70

-collection of data & rules -ability to reason -ability to learn & adapt

Question 71

advantage & disadvantage of expert system

Answer 71

advantage: -accurate -can make logical solutions -fast response time disadvantage: -expensive initially -only as good as the info in them -can make dangerous assumptions

Question 72

components of expert system

Answer 72

-user interface; how expert system reacts with user eg. command prompts, dialogue boxes -inference engine: gathers info in user by asking Q & finds info from knowledge base using rules base -knowledge base: collection of objects & attributes -rules base: set of inference rules used to come to a conclusion -exploitation system; gives reasoning to user on how conclusion is derived -expert systems shell: user interface, inference engine, explanation system

Question 73

define expert system & eg

Answer 73

-form of ai that mimics human knowledge & experience eg. chess, diagnosing patient

Question 74

how to set up an expert system

Answer 74

-gather info to put in knowledge base -create rules base, inference engine & user interface -test fully after set up

Question 75

define machine learning

Answer 75

sub set of ai where algorithms are trained & learn from past experiences & examples eg. search engines

Question 76

how is machine learning used in categorizing emails as spam

Answer 76

-cleans out stop words & leave relevant data only -certain words are frequently used in spam emails -learns from past emails that its a spam

Question 77

how is machine learning used in recognizing user buying history

Answer 77

-collaboration filtering; comparing customers with simila shopping behavior with new customers

Question 78

diff btw expert system & machine learning

Answer 78

expert system: -stimulated human intelligence in machines -aim: machines capable of thinking like humans machine learning: -makes machine make decisions without being programmed to do so -aim: make machines learn to solve new problems

Question 79

how is machine learning used in detecting fraudulent activity

Answer 79

-shopping habits & personal data is gathered -redundant data is removed -algorithm is trained; unusual spending will be fraudulent

Question 80

define autonomous

Answer 80

-no direct human control needed & can carry out human activity on own

Question 81

define actuator

Answer 81

-device under control of microprocessor & operates pump, wheels etc

Question 82

define ai systems

Answer 82

-form of ai where machines mimic humans & manipulates obj. using end effector

Question 83

how is machine learning used in search engines

Answer 83

-user types criteria -search engine uses search bots to locate websites matching criteria -user selects websites found in pg 1; this is classified as success, else its a failure

Question 84

run down of expert system process

Answer 84

1) knowledge base 2) rules base 3) inference engine 4) user interface 5) explanation system - 1 & 3, 3 to 2 & 1 for conclusion, 3 give 4 ans, 5 explains to 4 -be careful of arrows, rules base points to explanation system & inference engine

Question 85

diff btw ai & machine learning

Answer 85

ai: -range of scope -works with structured, semi structured & unstructured data -concerned about max.ing chances of success machine learning: -limited scope -works with structured & semi structured data -concerned about accuracy & patterns

Question 86

types of learning for machine learning

Answer 86

-supervised learning - data & labels on things -unsupervised learning - data & no label on things -reinforcement learning - give feedback

Question 87

define deep learning

Answer 87

subset of machine learning made of software that allows itself to train

Question 88

What makes automated systems more efficient than manual ones

Answer 88

Their adaptability to new scenarios without reprogramming

Question 89

What defines a machine as a robot

Answer 89

It has the ability to sense, move, and be programmed -ai is not a requirement for a robot

Question 90

Robots used in surgery provide the benefit of:

Answer 90

Reducing operation time and errors -does not completely eliminating ALL human errors

Question 91

what is a characteristic of robots

Answer 91

Ability to make independent decisions without programming

Question 92

define web crawler

Answer 92

robots in the internet that scan & categories websites for research purposes

Question 93

define knowledge base

Answer 93

repository of objects & attributes

Question 94

describe 3 uses of expert systems

Answer 94

-diagnosing patients -chess -oil & mineral prospecting

Question 95

describe 3 uses of machine learning

Answer 95

-categorizing spam emails -recognizing user buying history -detection of fraudulent activities

Question 96

define embedded system

Answer 96

combination of software & hardware designed to carry out a specific function; hardware is electronic, electrical or electro- mechanical