Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 141 > chaper 1-5 > Flashcards

chaper 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

a) Anatomy

A

Anatomy: the study of the structure of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

b) Physiology

A

Physiology: the study of the function of the body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

c) Pathology

A

Pathology: the study of the disease of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Superior (cephalic)

A

uppermost or above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

lowermost or below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Lateral
A

toward the side or away from the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Medial

A

nearest the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Proximal

A

nearest the point of attachment or origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Distal

A

away from the point of attachment or origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

toward the front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

. Posterior (dorsal)

A

toward the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sagittal

A

any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane vertically dividing the body into unequal left and right portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Midsagittal

A

Midsagittal plane vertically dividing the body into equal right and left portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Frontal (coronal)

A

Frontal plane dividing anterior and posterior portions of the body at right angles to the sagittal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transverse (Horizontal)

A

Transverse plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • Ventral cavity
A

Ventral the belly side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

o Thoracic cavity

A

Thoracic cavity first subdivision of the ventral cavity that is surrounded by the rib cage and contains the heart and lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

o Pericardial cavity

A

Pericardial cavity space between the epicardium of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardial sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

o Pleural cavity

A

Pleural cavity small space between the pleural membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

o Abdominal cavity

A

The cavity within the abdomen, the space between the abdominal wall and the spine.

The abdominal cavity is hardly an empty space. It contains a number of crucial organs including the lower part of the esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

o Pelvic cavity

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Abdomino-pelvic cavity

A

Abdominopelvic cavity second subdivision of the ventral cavity that contains the kidneys, stomach, liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus (in women)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

o Cranial cavity

A

Cranial cavity: cavity containing the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

o Spinal cavity

A

Spinal cavity cavity containing the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

dorsal

A

Dorsal toward the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • Diaphragm
A

Diaphragm the muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity used in breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  • Mediastinum
A

Mediastinum the space between the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Cardiovascular system body system consisting of the heart and vessels that pump and distribute blood to and from all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic system consists of the lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and the lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Respiratory system

A

Respiratory system consists of nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Digestive system

A

Digestive system consists of the alimentary canal with its associated gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Endocrine

A

Endocrine system consists of the endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Skeletal system

A

Skeletal system composed of bones, cartilage, and the membranous structures associated with bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Muscular system

A

Muscular system consists of muscles, fasciae, tendon sheaths, and bursae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Nervous system

A

Nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, and the sensory and motor struc- tures of the body

36
Q

Urinary system

A

Urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

37
Q

Reproductive system

A

Reproductive system consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female;

the testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and urethra in the male

38
Q
  1. Discuss the levels of organization (i.e. atom, cell, etc )in the human body and their characteristics:
A
  1. Atom- the smallest particle of an element that maintains all the characteristics of that element
  2. cell - smallest unit of life
  3. tissue - groups of cells similar in size, shape, and function
  4. organ-
  5. organ system
  6. organism
39
Q

What is the smallest LIVING unit of life

A

cell

40
Q

Proton

A

Proton part of the central nucleus that makes up an atom; has a positive charge

41
Q

Neutron

A

part of the central neucleous that makes up an atom; carries no charge

42
Q

Electron

A

Electron negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom at some distance from its center

43
Q

What is the universal solvent

A

water

44
Q

Define pH, including how the numbers on the pH scale relate to acidity and alkalinity, and its significance in the human body

A

Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration

45
Q

Acid

A

Acid a substance that dissociates and forms an excess of H ions when dissolved in water

46
Q

Base

A

Base a substance that combines with H+ ions when dissolved in water

47
Q

Buffers

A

Buffer a substance that acts as a reservoir for hydrogen

ions

48
Q

• Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrate made of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

49
Q

Lipids

A

Lipids substances that are insoluble in water like fats

50
Q

Proteins

A

Protein covalently bonded amino acids composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

51
Q

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

A

Nucleic acid the genetic material of a cell, either DNA or RNA

52
Q
  1. Describe the structure and function of the following cellular organelles:
    - Cell membrane
A

All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. This membrane is often called the plasma membrane or the plasmalemma

53
Q
  1. Describe the structure and function of the following cellular organelles:
    - Cytoplasm
A

Cytoplasm the protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell

54
Q

1

- Nucleus

A

Nucleus 1. a mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites inside the central nervous system; 2. part of an atom

55
Q
  • Nucleolus
A

1 Nucleolus a spherical particle within the nucleoplasm that does not have a covering membrane around it
Nucleoplasm that protoplasm inside the nucleus

56
Q
  • Mitochondria
A

A mitochondrion (singular) or mitochondria (my-toh- KON-dree-ah) (plural) are small oblong-shaped struc- tures composed of two membranes (Figure 3-8). The outer membrane gives a mitochondrion its capsule shape; the inner membrane folds on itself to provide a surface on which the energy-releasing chemical reac- tions of the cell occur

57
Q
  • Lysosomes
A

Lysosomes
small bodies in the cytoplasm that contain
powerful digestive enzymes that enhance the break down of cellular components

58
Q
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A

All cells will have a rough or granular ER. It is called rough or granular because it has ribosomes attached to it. These are the granules on the ER. Because of the attached ribosomes, the rough ER is a site of protein synthesis

59
Q
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A

Occasionally, a smooth or agranular ER will be attached to a granular ER (see Figure 3-9). Structurally, the agran- ular form differs from the rough form. It does not have attached ribosomes. It also differs in function. Only cer- tain cells have the agranular or smooth ER. It is found in the cells of the gonads in which sex hormones are being synthesized. One function appears to be sex hormone synthesis. It is also found in the cells of the lacteals of the villi of the small intestine. Thus, it is also believed to be involved in the transportation of fats.

60
Q
  • Golgi Apparatus (Body)
A

Golgi body/apparatus consists of an assembly of flat sac-like cisternae that look like a stack of saucers or pancakes; used as a storage area in the cell

61
Q
  • Ribosomes
A

Ribosomes tiny granules distributed throughout the cyto- plasm where protein synthesis occurs

62
Q
  • Centrioles

pair = centrosome

A

Centrioles two centrioles make up a centrosome; they pro- duce spindle fibers during cell division

63
Q
  • Cilia
A

Cilia small hairs found on cells that function in movement of materials across the cell’s outer surface
Ciliary body consists of smooth muscles

64
Q

Flagella

A

Flagella long fibers that push a cell like the flagellum of a sperm cell

65
Q
  • Plastids (Plant Cells)
A

1There are three plastids found in plant cells. The most common and most numerous of these are the chloroplasts

66
Q
  1. Chloroplasts
A

Chloroplasts organelles found only in plant cells where pho- tosynthesis occurs; contain the pigment chlorophyll

67
Q

-Chromoplasts

A

1Chromoplasts plastids in plant cells that contain the carot- enoid pigments

68
Q
  1. Leucoplasts
A

Leucoplast plastid in plant cells that contains no pigment but stores sugar or starch

69
Q

-

  • Cell Wall (Plant Cells)
A

The cell membrane of plant cells is surrounded by a semirigid covering called the cell wall made of a complex carbohydrate called cellulose (SELL-you-lohs). Cellu- lose is synthesized by Golgi bodies by linking up glucose units. Animal cells do not have cell walls. This material is what we call fiber in our diet. It cannot be digested; thus, it keeps our stools soft. We eat fruits and vegetables to maintain a balance of fiber in our diet. This fiber may help prevent the development of colon cancer.

70
Q
  1. Define

• Metabolism

A

Metabolism the total chemical changes that occur inside a cell

71
Q

Anabolism

A

Anabolism an energy-requiring process that builds larger molecules by combining smaller molecules

72
Q

Catabolism

A

Catabolism an energy-releasing process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones.

73
Q

What is the most common inorganic compound used to make ATP?

A

Glycolysis

74
Q

Describe the differences between aerobic & anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic Respiration- oxygen must be present

Anaerobic Processes- does not require oxygen

75
Q
  1. Describe the cell cycle and its regulation.
A
  • Interphase–Previously called resting stage
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
76
Q

What is Mitosis? Describe the key steps in each stage of Mitosis

A

Mitosis process in which nuclear material is exactly replicated

Stages:

  1. prophase -the first phase of mitosis
  2. metaphase- second stage of mitosis
  3. Anaphase- third and shortest stage of mitosis
  4. Telophase -final stage of mitosis
77
Q

What is Meiosis? Explain key steps in stage of Meiosis? Meiosis only occurs in what type of cells?

A

Meiosis a reduction division that occurs in the gonads to produce egg and sperm cells

Prophase I: homologous chromosomes pair and cross over

  • Metaphase I: chromosomes align along equator
  • Anaphase I: centromeres pulled to poles–One member to each pole•

Telophase I: one of each pair is at each pole

Prophase II: spindle forms; centrioles move to poles•

Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at equator

  • Anaphase II: centromeres divide
  • Telophase II: chromatids at each pole; new nuclear membrane forms
78
Q

• Epithelial

A

Epithelial tissue type of tissue that protects, absorbs, or

secretes

79
Q

• Connective

A

1Connective tissue a type of tissue that supports or binds

80
Q

• Muscle

A

The basic characteristic of muscle tissue is its ability to shorten and thicken or contract. This is due to the interaction of two proteins in the muscle cell: actin and myosin.

81
Q

Nervous

A

Nervous tissue a type of tissue that transmits impulses

82
Q

Prophase

A

Prophase
–Chromosomes become visible as chromatids are joined by centromere
–Two kinetochores at the centromere
–Centrioles move to opposite poles
–Nuclear membrane breaks down
–Microtubules attach kinetochores to spindle

83
Q

Metaphase

A

Metaphase
–Chromatids align at equator of cell
–Centromere divides

84
Q

Anaphase

A

Anaphase
–Divided centromere pulls chromatids to opposite pole
–Cytokinesis begins

85
Q

Telophase–Chromosomes uncoil and decondense–Spindle apparatus breaks down–New nuclear membrane forms–Cytokinesis nearly complet

A 
Telophase
–Chromosomes uncoil and decondense
–Spindle apparatus breaks down
–New nuclear membrane forms
–Cytokinesis nearly complete

Anatomy 141 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions