Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is microbiology
A
The study of organisms too small to be seen without a microscope
2
Q
What are six of the main types of microorganisms?
A
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Algae
3
Q
What is spontaneous generation?
A
An early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in non living or decomposing matter.
4
Q
What is Germ theory?
A
The theory that germs cause disease.
5
Q
Who is Louis Pasteur?
A
He developed a method to kill microorganisms in food. A process called pasteurization.
6
Q
Who was Robert Koch?
A
In late 1800’s early 1900’s he established germ theory as scientific fact.
7
Q
Bacteria are classified as
A
Prokaryotes
8
Q
Prokaryotes do not have
A
A nucleus
9
Q
Viruses are not
A
Cells
10
Q
Viruses are classified as
Why are they classified that way?
A
Infectious particles
They are not cells
11
Q
What are four main types of eukaryotic microorganisms?
A
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Algae
12
Q
Eukaryotic cells
A
Have a nucleus
13
Q
Name four of the main
branches of microbiology
A
Immunology
-Public health and epidemiology
-Biotechnology
-Genetic engineering and recumbent DNA
14
Q
How long has bacteria like organisms existed on earth?
A
About 3.5 billion years
15
Q
How long have eukaryotes existed on earth?
A
About 2 billion years
16
Q
Describe the microbial structure of prokaryotes
A
They are microscopic, unicellular organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
17
Q
Describe the microbial structure of eukaryotes
A
They can be unicellular, they are microscopic but can also be multicellular. They have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
18
Q
Describe the microbial structure of viruses
A
Acellular parasitic particles that are made of protein on the outside and nucleic acid on the inside.
19
Q
Which of the following does not describe a fungus
A. Contains a nucleus
B. Has 80s ribosomes
C. Useful in decomposition
D. Is photosynthetic
A
D
20
Q
Biotechnology
A
Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms.
21
Q
Genetic engineering
A
Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products
22
Q
Bioremediation
A
Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem.
23
Q
Describe the lifestyle of most microorganisms.
A
Most live a free existence, are relatively harmless and can be beneficial
24
Q
Some microorganisms like parasites
A
Have a close association with other microorganisms.
25
Parasites
Live on or in the body of another organism called the host and it damages the host.
26
Pathogens are
Microbes that do harm
27
About how many microbes cause diseases?
About 2,000
28
About how many infections are there per year worldwide?
About 10 Billion
29
About how many deaths from infections occur every year worldwide?
About 12 million
30
The most common type of infections are
Respiratory
31
How long has microbiology been a field of study?
Over 300 years
32
Prominent discoveries in microbiology include
Microscopy
The scientific method
Development of medical microbiology
Microbiology techniques
33
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
-Invented the microscope
-Was a Dutch linen merchant
-Was the first to observe living microbes
-his microscope magnified to 300X
34
What
35
What is the scientific method
The approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon
36
Hypothesis
A tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted
37
Theory
A hypothesis that has been supported by a growing body of evidence and survives rigorous scrutiny.
38
Law or principle
A theory that is so compelling that it cannot be refuted
39
Louis Pasteur disproved
Spontaneous generation
40
Louis Pasteur proved
The theory of biogenesis
41
Theory of Biogenesis
The idea that living things can only arise from other living things.
42
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes observed
That mothers who did at home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals
43
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
Correlated infections with physicians coming directly from autopsy room to the maternity ward
44
Joseph lister
Introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections.
45
Joseph listers aseptic technique involved
Disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery
Use of heat for sterilization
46
Germ theory of disease
Many diseases are caused by growth of microbes in the body
47
Who were the two main contributors to germ theory?
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
48
What four things are Louis Pasteur known for
- showing microbes cause fermentation and spoilage
- disproved spontaneous generation
- Developed Pasteurization
- developed first rabies and anthrax vaccines
49
Robert Koch is known for
Established Koch’s postulates
Identified the cause of anthrax,TB, and cholera
Developed pure culture method
50
What are Koch’s postulates
A sequence of experimental steps that verified germ theory
51
Taxonomy
Organizing, classifying, and naming living things
52
The formal system of taxonomy was created by
Carl Von Linnè
53
Taxonomy concerns itself with
Classification
Nomenclature
Identification
54
Classification as it relates to taxonomy is
Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups
55
Nomenclature as it relates to taxonomy is
Assigning names
56
Identification as it relates to taxonomy is
Determining and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes.
57
Levels of classification
- domain
-kingdom
- phylum or division
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
58
Three domains of life
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
59
Archaea
Odd prokaryotic bacteria that lives in extreme environments like high heat or salt content
60
Eukarya
Have a nucleus and organelles
61
Binomial nomenclature
Gives each microbe 2 names
62
In binomial nomenclature each microbe gets 2 names
Genus ( first name)
Species ( second name)
63
Genus is always
Species is always
Uppercase
Lowercase
64
In taxonomy the words for genus and species
Are either italicized or underlined
65
Bacteriology
The study of bacteria: small single cell prokaryotic organisms
66
Mycology
The study of fungi
67
Fungi
Eukaryotic organisms that include both microscopic ie mold and larger members like mushrooms
68
Protozoology
The study of protozoa
69
Protozoa
A group of mostly single cell eukaryotes
70
Virology
The study of viruses
71
Virus
Noncellular particles that parasitize cells
72
Parasitology
The study of parasites traditionally including pathogenic protozoa helminth worms and certain insects
73
Phycology or algology
The study of simple photosynthetic eukaryotes the algae ranging from single cell forms to large seaweeds
74
Morphology
The study of the detailed structure of microorganisms
75
Physiology
Investigation of organismal metabolism at the cellular and molecular levels
76
Taxonomy
The classification, naming, and identification of microorganisms
77
Microbial genetics and molecular biology
The study of the genetic material and biochemical reactions that make up a cells metabolism
78
Microbial ecology
The interrelationships between microbes and the environment the roles of microorganisms in nutrient cycles and natural ecosystems
79
Medical microbiology
Studies the effects of microorganisms on human beings
80
Immunology
Studies the complex web of protective substances and reactions caused by invading microbes and other harmful entities
81
Biotechnology focuses on
The natural ability of microbes
82
Genetic engineering focuses on
The alteration of the genetic makeup of microbes in order to make novel microbes
83
Agricultural microbiology
Is concerned with the effects of microbes on domesticated plants and animals
84
Food microbiologists
Study the effects of microbes on the food supply
85
How long have bacteria like cells existed on earth
3.5 billion years
86
About 1.8 billion years ago
Eukaryotic cells appeared
87
Organelles
Specialized internal structures within cells
88
Endosymbiosis
The process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells
89
Prokaryotes are typically
Single called organisms
90
Few if any diseases are related to
Archaea
91
Archaea and bacteria are
Very similar
92
The most common microbes on earth
Viruses
93
Viruses are not
Cells
94
Viruses are
Small particles composed of a small amount of hereditary material and are surrounded by a protein coat
95
Most microbiologists don’t consider viruses to be
Alive because they can’t reproduce on their own
96
Prions consist of
Protein
97
Prions are
Even simpler than viruses
98
Most microorganisms are measured in
Micrometers
Nanometers
Millimeters
99
Microbes are deeply involved in
The flow of energy and food through the earths ecosystems
100
Photosynthetic microorganisms account for more than half of earths
Photosynthesis which contributes a majority of the oxygen to the atmosphere
101
Decomposition
Involves the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycles of living things
102
Microbes are responsible for the content of the earths
Soil
Water
Atmosphere
103
Biotechnology
The manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting
104
Recombinant DNA
A technology that deliberately modifies the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products, microbes, animals, plants, and viruses
105
Bioremediation
Introducing microbes to the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants
106
A majority of microorganisms are
Completely harmless and even essential for life as we know it
107
Pathogen
Any agent that infects the body tissues and causes disease
108
How many pathogens plague humanity
Nearly 1,500
109
Emerging diseases
Newly identified conditions that are being reported in increasing numbers
110
Since 1980
At least 90 novel infectious agents have arisen within the human population
111
Pandemic diseases
Spread across continents
112
Zoonoses
Infectious diseases native to animals that can be transmitted to humans
113
Re-emerging diseases
We’ll known older diseases that are increasing in occurrence
114
The only microbe that has been eliminated is
Smallpox
115
A contributing factor to the spread of disease is
Our ability to travel more easily
116
Another factor in the spread of disease is
Vectors such as fleas or ticks
117
Many diseases that used to be considered non infectious have been linked to
Microbial infection
118
The information obtained through the scientific method is
Explanatory and predictive
119
Describe the deductive reasoning approach
A scientist uses general observation of a phenomenon and develops a set of facts to explain the phenomenon
120
Hypotheses are based on
Scientific thought not superstition or myth
121
Describe inductive reasoning
One applies specific observations to develop a general explanation
122
Theory
A collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explain a natural event
123
Theories explain
Laws explain
Why things happen
How things happen
124
Edward Jenner
Was the first to vaccinate people against disease
125
Sterile
Completely free of all microbial life forms including spores and viruses
126
Taxa
Taxonomic categories
127
Phylogenetic
A classification system based on evolutionary relationships
128
Classification
An orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships in history
129
Identification
The process of using the specific characteristics and capabilities of an organism to determine the exact identity and placement in taxonomy
130
Hierarchies
Levels of power
Arrangement in order of rank
131
Specific epithet
Scientific name
132
Binomial system
Two name system
133
Phylogeny
The natural relatedness between groups of living things
134
Morphology
The study of organismic structure
135
Physiology
The study of the function of an organism
136
Genetics
The study of inheritance of biological characteristics
137
The two foundational premises for evolution
1 all new species originate from preexisting species
2 closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from a common ancestor
138
Robert Whittaker
Developed a five kingdom system
139
Archaea are characterized by
Their ability to thrive in harsh conditions
140
The woese fox system
Represents the most accurate relationships between organisms
