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BIO150 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Scientific Inquiries

A
  • Discovery based science: based on something already there in nature we can observe, measure and study with the data we gather being qualitative
    ○ Describes natural structures and processes
    • Hypothesis based science: based on the observation, a question is formed proposing a hypothesis with data we gather being more quantitative
      ○ Often make use of two or more hypothesis
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2
Q

Theory

A
  • Much broader than a hypothesis
    • Able to create many more hypotheses off of it
    • Supported by greater bodies of evidence
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3
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Observation
    1. Ask question
    2. Hypothesis
    3. Prediction(if and then statement)(design experiment)
    4. Test prediction
      1. Support or reject hypothesis based on results
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4
Q

Hypothesis

A
  • Must be testable and falsifiable(be able to be proven wrong)
    Just because results don’t support hypothesis doesn’t make it true
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5
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise

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6
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

derives generalizations from a large number of specific observations

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7
Q

Characteristics of Living Things

A
  • Reproduction
    • Growth and development
    • Energy processing
    • Respond to the environment
    • Evolutionary adaptation
    • Regulate processes(e.g. growth and development)
    • Order: living organisms have intricate order/ animals when reproducing will look alike
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8
Q

4 Properties of Life:

A
  • Organization
    • Information/Gene Expression
    • Energy utilization
    • Interactions with the Environment
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9
Q

Hierarchy of Biological Organization

A
  1. The biosphere: includes everywhere you find life on earth
    1. Ecosystems: all living things in one particular area with specific chemical properties along with nonliving things
    2. Communities: an array of organisms(all the populations) inhabiting a particular ecosystem
    3. Populations: all the individual species living within the bounds of a specific area
    4. Organisms: individual living beings
    5. Organs and organ systems: a body part made up of multiple tissues which has a specific function within the organism
    6. Tissue: a group of cells that come together to perform a specialized function
    7. Cells: the fundamental unit of life, structure and function
    8. Organelles: functional component’s within cells e.g. chloroplasts
      1. Molecules: a chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms
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10
Q

Reductionalism

A

an approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

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11
Q

Emergent Properties

A

new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life

- Emergent properties arise from the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
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12
Q

Systems Biology

A

model the dynamic behavior of a whole scientific process by studying the interaction between system parts

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13
Q

Importance of Structure and Function

A
  • Each biological level shows a correlation between structure and function
    • Therefore analyzing a biological structure can give us a clue about what its function is
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14
Q

What all cells need

A

Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes:
- Plasma membrane
- Genome/genetic material (not necessarily a nucleus)
- Ribosomes: where protein synthesis occurs
- Cytoplasm

Eukaryotes only:
- Organelles membrane bound genetic material

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15
Q

Types of Cells

A
  • Prokaryotic: found in bacteria and archaea which lacks a membrane around the nucleus and lacks a membrane bound organelles
    ○ Generally smaller
    • Eukaryotic: membrane bound nucleus with membrane bound organelles
      ○ Found in animals, protists, plants and fungi
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16
Q

Gene Expression

A

the process in which information encoded in DNA creates the synthesis of proteins or instead it creates RNA’s

17
Q

Process of Gene Expression

A
  • Transcription: using the information from the sequence of DNA nucleotides, the cell transcribes it into mRNA
    • Translation: the cell then translates the information in the mRNA into a sequence of nucleotides to make a series of linked amino acid chains(protein)
    • Protein Folding: the chain of amino acids then fold over due to chemical bonds between certain nucleotides
18
Q

How Life involves the transfer and transformation of Energy

A
  • Everything requires energy to do
    • Energy is primarily either from the sun or from transforming another form
    • Energy when used to perform movements or processes can be lost to the environment through heat
    • Therefore energy moves through an ecosystem in one direction - enters as light and leaves as heat
19
Q

Feedback Regulation:

A

the regulation of a process by its output and end product

20
Q

Types of Feedback

A
  • Negative Feedback: the product reduces the initial stimulus
    ○ E.g. after a meal, your glucose levels rise, stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin which causes cells to take up glucose, therefore decreasing the glucose levels in your blood.
    ○ Ultimately it eliminates the need of insulin production because glucose levels decrease
    • Positive Feedback: the end product speeds up its own production
      ○ E.g. when a blood vessel is damaged, platelets begin to accumulate at the site, and the presence of platelets attract more platelets until the wound is sealed
21
Q

Organism Interaction

A
  • At the ecosystem level, every organims interacts with other organisms which help with regulating the ecosystem
    • Interactions can be mutually beneficial, both suffer, or where one organism is harmed and the other gains
    • Organisms also constantly interact with their physical environment
    • Alternatively, environemnts can be affected by interaction with organisms
22
Q

Evolution

A

the process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time

23
Q

3 Domains of Life

A
  • Archea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
24
Q

Kingdoms of Eukarya

A
  • Protista: heterotrophs and autotrophs
  • Fungi: decomposers and saprophytic(secrete enzymes outside to digest food externally and then reabsorb them)
  • Plants: autotrophic
  • Animalia: heterotrophic(get nutrients from food and breakdown interally
25
Q

Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution Points

A
  1. Descent with modification: Species adapt to different environments over time and overtime accumulate differences to their ancestors
    ○ Shows unity in the kinship among species form ancestors and diversity in modifications that happens from evolving species
    1. Natural selection is a primary cause of Descent with Modification
26
Q
A

BIO150 (19 decks)

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