Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
similarity between psychology and philosophy
A
psychologists and philosophers ask the same questions
2
Q
difference between psychology and philosophy
A
psychologists use science to answer their questions while philosophers use logic and reason to answer their questions
3
Q
what is psychology?
A
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
4
Q
behaviors
A
things we can see people doing, overt (obvious) actions
5
Q
mental processes
A
things we can’t see people doing: emotions and thoughts, they are covert (not obvious)
6
Q
why are mental processes more difficult to study?
A
people can lie about their thoughts and emotions, or they don’t know what they feel
7
Q
how can we study mental processes?
A
looking at behavior for insight to emotions (crying = sad)
8
Q
how can a study of mental processes be faulty?
A
people can lie through their actions, ex: they are smiling but are not happy
9
Q
what does it mean to be scientific?
A
using critical thinking / skepticism and the empirical approach
10
Q
what is the empirical approach?
A
gathering data using your 5 senses and drawing conclusions using the data
11
Q
what is an empirical question?
A
can be answered using the 5 senses (can be tested) ex: will a marker float in water?
12
Q
what does it mean to be thinking critically?
A
being skeptical of other people’s claims ex: my gut is telling me this but is it true?
13
Q
what is the empirical approach NOT?
A
opinions, logical arguments, personal experience, gut feelings
14
Q
first person to call himself a psychologist and have a psychology lab
A
Wilhelm Wundt
15
Q
a german philosopher in Leipzig
A
Wilhelm Wundt
16
Q
psychi
A
mind
17
Q
ology
A
study of
18
Q
person who thought conscious reality was a bunch of sensations glued together
A
Wilhelm Wundt
19
Q
Wilhelm Wundt’s movement of trying to understand the mind and structure of human consciousness
A
structuralism
20
Q
structuralism
A
describing the mind by breaking thoughts down into their most basic ideas / elements
21
Q
person who tried to reverse engineer the mind by looking at the sensations that form the thought “when you see an apple what senses do you feel”
A
Wilhelm Wundt
22
Q
Wundt’s psychological methods
A
if a thought is made up of a lot of sensations, it is more complex, so a longer reaction time. shorter reaction time = less complex thought
23
Q
cognitive load
A
how much thought something takes
24
Q
systematic introspection
A
Wundt’s term for looking into the mind
25
what is wrong with systematic introspection?
it is not objective because Wundt is asking people for their opinion and subjective is not scientific
26
understanding the purpose of thoughts and behavior in an individual's adaptation to the environment
functionalism
27
what idea did functionalism incorporate?
natural selection
28
a famous american philosopher that created the functionalism movement
William James
29
describing: what is the mind?
structuralism
30
explaining: what is the mind for?
functionalism
31
what did William James ask?
why do we have consciousness?
32
movement that took natural selection and applied it to psychology. emotions, thoughts, and behaviors that give us an advantage stick around
functionalism
33
movement that thought consciousness gave humans an advantage because it was passed down and humans could pass it down to future generations
functionalism
34
person who thought that humans being consciously aware must serve some kind of purpose
William James
35
person who started functionalism at the same time as Darwin published natural selection
William James
36
emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and the environments that determine those responses
behaviorism
37
quack psychologists
group of people that called themselves psychologists but weren't and gave psychology a bad reputation
38
movement where psychology moved from studying the mind to studying behavior
behaviorism
39
person who gave psychology a good reputation by writing a paper saying that real psychologists to only use the empirical approach
John B. Watson
40
person who started the behaviorism movement
John B. Watson
41
person who believed in nurture, the environment creates a person, and didn't care about their DNA
John B. Watson
42
done by John B. Watson
Little Albert Experiment
43
showed we associate things together and that shapes our behavior
Little Albert Experiment
44
how are fears created?
a person associates a bad experience with a current event ex: walking away from a dog when you've previously been bit by one
45
goals of psychology
to describe behavior, predict behavior, explain behavior, or to control / change behavior
46
who uses the control / change behavior goal of psychology?
psychiatrists and clinical psychologists
47
seven perspectives in psychology
biological approach, behavioral approach, psychodynamic approach, humanistic approach, cognitive approach, evolutionary approach, sociocultural approach
48
behaviorism / study of learning
behavioral approach
49
psychodynamic approach
Sigmund Freud
50
counseling / person-centered approach
humanistic approach
51
thought processes approach
cognitive approach
52
modern-day functionalism approach
evolutionary approach
53
how social relationships / the culture you grew up in shape your behavior approach
sociocultural approach
54
human and animal behavior is seen as the direct result of events in the body; study behavior as some sort of biological process approach
biological approach
55
measuring sweat on your skin when you tell a lie, studying brain areas involved when we recall a memory, investigating the brain's activity while we sleep, the lie detector test
examples of the biological approach
56
emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and the environments that determine those responses approach
behavioral approach
57
approach started by John B. Watson
behavioral approach
58
how we learn to act differently (change our behavior) when in a different environment
behavioral approach
59
B.F. Skinner
3rd most well-known psychologist, had a very long career
60
theory of operant learning
the idea that you can modify behavior using various rewards and punishments (training pigeons to play ping pong using treats)
61
psychoanalysis
only the therapy part; the patient would talk about their problems and Freud used his theory to figure them out
62
we process some things subconsciously and the things that are processed effect our behavior approach
psychodynamic approach
63
thought mental problems were caused by unresolved subconscious desires (ex: you want to kill your mom, so there is a subconscious desire that is unresolved) approach
Sigmund Freud / psychodynamic approach
64
dormitory effect
as we go through different stages of the menst. cycle, we smell different. we can't consciously perceive it, but it does effect our behavior because everyone's cycles in the dorm sync up
65
carl rogers and abraham maslow
created the humanistic approach
66
we all have a desire to become the best version of ourselves and that motivates our behavior approach
humanistic approach
67
we have free will that allows us to move to become our best version, and if we feel stuck or there is an obstacle, we become depressed approach
humanistic approach
68
studies how we think, remember, store, and use information from our environment using a vast array of mental processes approach
cognitive approach
69
all about thinking NOT feeling approach
cognitive approach
70
emphasizes the study of information processing, how memory works, how we form concepts approach
cognitive approach
71
modern day functionalism approach
evolutionary approach
72
focus on natural selection, adaptation, and the evolution of behavior approach
evolutionary approach
73
emphasizes social interactions and cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes -- specifically ethnicity, religion, occupation, and socioeconomic status as predictors of behavior approach
socio-cultural approach
74
type: descriptive research
goal: to describe behavior
75
type: correlational research
goal: to predict behavior
76
type: experimental research
goal: to explain behavior
77
three types of descriptive research
naturalistic observation, case studies, survey research
78
asking (survey) drawback
less accurate: people can lie on it, or they don't remember
79
pro of asking as a way to collect data
less time consuming than watching, can get more responses in a shorter amount of time
80
observe, collect, and record data
descriptive research
81
pro of watching as a way to collect data
data is more accurate because they can't lie to you
82
drawback of watching as a way to collect data
more time consuming than asking
83
watching organisms in their natural environment
naturalistic observation
84
type of descriptive research that is often use to observe animals in the wild
naturalistic observation
85
when doing naturalistic observation, what should you not do and why?
let the animal / group you are watching know they are being watched because it will change the way the animal / group behaves
86
ways to prevent the subject you are watching from knowing you are observing them?
hiding (mostly used when observing in the wild), blend in with your surroundings (be another person in the background), group infiltration (you or someone else pretend to be part of the group you are observing)
87
in depth study of a single subject or small group of subjects
case study
88
problems with case studies
small sample size, no comparison group, hard to know if the subjects are behaving differently because of the condition or because people are all different
89
form of polling to measure a wide variety of psychological behaviors and attitudes
survey research
90
most used kind of research / way to get research
survey research
91
asks about your behavior or your future behavior and is a critical step in correlative research
survey research
92
advantages of survey research
can get a lot of data in a short amount of time, important to collect this data in order to describe behavior and to do correlational studies
93
disadvantages of survey research
people may lie or not remember accurately, social-desirability response bias, people may not try on the questions (picking random answers)
94
lying to make yourself seem more desirable (saying I work out everyday when I don't work out at all)
social-desirability response bias
95
observing or measuring two or more variables to find the relationship(s) between them
correlational research
96
slightly more difficult than descriptive research
correlational research
97
characteristics of a correlation
strength and direction
98
strength of a correlation
the degree tow which two variables are related
99
a strong correlation
does not have many exceptions --> happens most of the time
100
a weak correlation
has many exceptions --> does not happen often
101
positive correlation
the two variables go up and down together (ex: as A increases, B also increases)
102
negative correlation
the two variables go in opposite directions from each other (ex: as A increases B decreases)
103
statistical calculation that indicates the strength and the direction of the correlation
correlation coefficient (r)
104
strong correlation
correlation coefficient is close to +1 or -1
105
weak correlation
correlation coefficient is close to zero but greater than 0.19
106
no correlation
correlation coefficient is almost zero or zero
107
correlation does NOT necessarily equal causation
true
108
a is correlated with b
a is related to b
when a is high (or low) b is more likely
with a correlation you can claim
109
a is causing b (could be a 3rd var causing both)
b is causing a (could be a 3rd var)
an increase or decrease in a causes an increase in b
with a correlation you can NOT claim
110
experimenter manipulates the variable of interest, while holding all other factors constant
experimental research
111
research that explains behavior
experimental research
112
can determine CASUAL relationships
experimental research
113
experimental research is different than descriptive and correlational research because...
the experimenter manipulates / does something to the subjects (does more than observing)
114
is the experimenter more active in experimental research or correlational research
experimental research
115
who determines what happens to the subjects in experimental research
the experimenter
116
type of research that asks a causational question ex: does sugar cause hyperactivity in children?
experimental research
117
specific definition used for the purpose of the present experiment
operational definitions
118
independent variable in experimental research
the "thing" you manipulate (changes from group to group)
119
dependent variable in experimental research
the "thing" you measure (the outcome that is measured)
120
experimental group
gets the treatment
121
control group
gets no treatment / the traditional
122
every experiment must have at least how many groups or trials
two
123
problems that may arise in a poorly-designed experiment
experimental hazards
124
the groups in an experiment are not equivalent before the study begins (ex: does exercise affect weight loss? control group is already at ideal weight and experimental group is overweight)
sample bias / selection bias
125
how do we minimize sample bias / selection bias
random assignment
126
the expectancies of the participant influence the results of the study (ex: the placebo effect)
participant bias
127
how do we minimize participant bias
single-blind experiments
128
subjects have a certain expectation so they don't act naturally and act how they think the experimenter wants them to act
participant bias
129
a researcher's expectations about the outcome of a study influence the results
experimenter bias
130
how do we minimize experimenter bias
double blind experiments
131
single blind study
the subjects do not know what group they are in but the researchers do
132
double blind study
both the subjects and the researchers don't know which group the subjects are in
133
hallmark of a good study
it is a double blind study
