CHAPTER 1

Question 1

Collection of cells that have been grown in or on a nutrient medium

Answer 1

CULTURE

Question 2

liquid or solid nutrient mixture that contain all of the nutrients required for a microorganisms to grow

Answer 2

MEDIUM

Question 3

the increase in cell number as a result of cell division

Answer 3

GROWTH

Question 4

single microbial cell placed on a solid nutrient medium can grow and divide into millions or even billions of cells

Answer 4

COLONY

Question 5

it is a type of cell that contain an assortment of membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic structure called organelles

Answer 5

EUKARYOTIC CELL

Question 6

it is a type of cell that can be found within two different groups of organisms we know Bacteria and Archaea

Answer 6

PROKARYOTIC CELL

Question 7

it has a few internal structures, they lack a nucleus, and they typically lack organelles

Answer 7

PROKARYOTIC CELL

Question 8

full set of a genes in a cell

Answer 8

GENOME

Question 9

segment of DNA that encodes a protein or a RNA molecule

Answer 9

GENE

Question 10

living blueprint of an organisms

Answer 10

GENOME

Question 11

proteins that have catalytic activity, carry out reactions that supply energy and perform biosynthesis within the cell

Answer 11

ENZYME

Question 12

it is the process by which the information encoded in DNA sequences is copied into a RNA molecule

Answer 12

TRANSCRIPTION

Question 13

it is a process whereby the information in an RNA molecule is used by a ribosome to synthesize a protein

Answer 13

TRANSLATION

Question 14

it is a self-repulsion which allows the cell to relocate in response to environmental conditions

Answer 14

MOTILITY

Question 15

many prokaryotic cells can exchange genes with neighboring cells, regardless of their species, in the process of

Answer 15

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

Question 16

results when genes in a population of cells change in sequence and frequency over time, leading to descent with modification

Answer 16

EVOLUTION

Question 17

transforming molecules to produce energy and building blocks

Answer 17

CATABOLISM

Question 18

synthesizing macromolecules

Answer 18

ANABOLISM

Question 19

first person to see bacteria

Answer 19

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Question 20

capacity of microscope to enlarge an image

Answer 20

MAGNIFICATION

Question 21

ability to distinguish two adjacent object as distinct and separate. it also the one that govern our ability to see the very small

Answer 21

RESOLUTION

Question 22

Purpose of oil immersion

Answer 22

increase the light-gathering ability of a lens, that is increases the amount of light that is collected and viewed by the lens

Question 23

basic dyes

Answer 23

methylene blue, crystal blue and safranin

Question 24

stains that render the different kinds of cells different colors

Answer 24

differential stains

Question 25

Type of microscope that based on the principle that cells differ in refractive index (the ability of a material to alter the speed of light) from their surrounding liquid. Light passing through a cell thus differs in phase from light from passing through the surrounding. This subtle difference is amplified by a device in the objective lens of the phase-contrast microscope called the phase ring resulting in a dark image on a light background.

Answer 25

Phase-contrast Microscope

Question 26

-light does no pass through the specimen -light is directed from the sides of the specimen and only light that is scattered when it hits the specimen reached the lens. Thus, the specimen appears light on dark background

Answer 26

Dark-field Microscope

Question 27

used to visualize cells in their natural habitats, such as soil, water, food, or a clinical specimen

Answer 27

DAPI(4',6-diamidino-2-phenyliondole)

Question 28

a collection of practices that allow for the preparation and maintenance of sterile (without the presence of the living microorganisms) nutrient media and solutions

Answer 28

ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE

Question 29

those that contain cells from only a single type of microorganisms

Answer 29

PURE CULTURE

Question 30

person that construct a swan-necked flask, called Pasteur flask

Answer 30

Louis Pasteur

Question 31

-credited with the introduction of aseptic technique for surgeries

Answer 31

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

Question 32

Koch Postulates

Answer 32

1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals' 2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture. 3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal. 4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original.

Question 33

first to define chemolithotrophy, which is any metabolic process in which energy for growth is produced using only inorganic chemical compounds

Answer 33

Sergie Winogradsky (1856-1953)

Question 34

He reasoned that some molecule that contained genetic information must have been transferred from strain R to strain S in this process, and this experiment showed that genetic transfer could be studied in bacteria

Answer 34

Frederick Griffith (1879-1941)

Question 35

this “transforming principle” was DNA. They treated the dead remains of cells of strain S with chemicals and enzymes that destroyed protein and left behind only DNA. They then repeated Griffith’s experiment with the pure DNA of strain S and showed that this DNA was sufficient to cause transformation, causing strain R cells to become S-type cells and virulent.They also demonstrated that transformation failed if the DNA from strain S was degraded

Answer 35

Avery–MacLeod–McCarty (1944),

Question 36

The structure of DNA was ultimately solved by James D. Watson (1928–) and Francis Crick (1916–2004) using X-ray diffraction images of DNA taken by their colleague Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958)

Answer 36

They revealed that DNA is composed of a double helix that contains four nitrogenous bases: guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine, which form the genetic code. Later research would reveal how the genetic code is read from DNA and translated into protein,

Question 37

proposed that molecular sequences could be used to reconstruct evolutionary relationships.

Answer 37

Emile Zuckerkandl (1922–2013) and Linus Pauling (1901–1994)

Question 38

He realized in the 1970s that the sequence of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and the genes that encode them could be used to infer evolutionary relationships between organisms. He recognized that genes encoding rRNAs were excellent candidates for phylogenetic analysis because they were (1) present in all cells, (2) functionally constant, (3) highly conserved (slowly changing) in their nucleic acid sequences, and (4) of adequate length to provide a deep view of evolutionary relationships.

Answer 38

Carl Woese (1928–2012)

Question 39

he found that the rRNA sequences from methanogens were distinct from those of both Bacteria and Eukarya, the only two domains recognized at that time. He named this new group of prokaryotic cells the Archaea (originally Archaebacteria) and recognized them as the third domain of life alongside the Bacteria and the Eukarya

Answer 39

Carl Woese (1928–2012)

Question 40

He realized that Woese’s approach could be applied to rRNA molecules isolated directly from the environment as a way to probe the diversity of natural microbial communities without first cultivating their component organisms. These cultivation-independent methods of rRNA gene analysis pioneered by Pace greatly improved our picture of microbial diversity

Answer 40

Norman Pace (1942)

Question 41

He was the first to propose metagenomics, a technique in which fragments of microbial genomes (or even entire genomes) can be recovered from a sample of environmental DNA. Metagenomics, the study of genomic information recovered directly from the environment, is currently providing us with profound insights on the evolution and diversity of life and new information on the metabolic potential of the microbial world.

Answer 41

Jo Handelsman (1959)