Chapter 1-3 Textbook

Question 1

What are the 3 ways we trace evolution of the human brain and behavior?

Answer 1

1) by describing animals that first developed a nervous system and muscles with which to move
2) by describing how the nervous system grew more complex as the brain evolved to mediate complex behavior
3) by describing how the human brain evolved its present complexity

Question 2

What is a Common Ancestor?

Answer 2

A forebear from which two or more lineages or family groups arise

Question 3

What is Taxonomy?

Answer 3

The branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying species by grouping representative organisms according to their common characteristics

Question 4

What are Animals usually identified using?

Answer 4

Their genus and species.

Homo sapiens sapiens

Question 5

What is the only kingdom that contains species with muscles and nervous systems?

Answer 5

Animalia

Question 6

What distinguishes members of the animal kingdom?

Answer 6

Muscles and nervous systems

Question 7

What do nervous systems of more recently evolved phyla depict?

Answer 7

Bilateral symmetry and segmentation which show more complex nervous systems

Question 8

What is bilateral symmetry?

Answer 8

When one half of the body is the mirror image of the other half

Question 9

What is segmentation?

Answer 9

When the body is composed of similarly organized parts

Question 10

What is the first step in the evolution of the nervous system?

Answer 10

Neurons and Muscles

Question 11

What evolved with brain cells?

Answer 11

Muscles

Question 12

What evolved with Muscles?

Answer 12

Brain cells

Question 13

What did brain cells and muscles evolving together enable?

Answer 13

It enabled animals to move

Question 14

What do Neurons and Muscles likely have their origin in?

Answer 14

Single cell animals such as amoeba

Question 15

What is the second step in the evolution of the Nervous System?

Answer 15

The nerve net

Question 16

What does the nervous system of evolutionarily older phyla consist of?

Answer 16

A nerve net

Question 17

What is the Nerve Net?

Answer 17

A nervous system with no structure that resembles a brain or spinal cord but consists entirely of neurons that receive sensory information and connect directly to other neurons to move muscles

Question 18

What is the human PNS reminiscent of?

Answer 18

The Nerve Net of phylogenetically simpler animals

Question 19

How is the Nervous System more organized in more complex animals?

Answer 19

It features bilateral symmetry

Question 20

What is the 3 step in the evolution of the Nervous System?

Answer 20

Bilateral Symmetry

Question 21

What is the 4th step in the evolution of the Nervous System?

Answer 21

Segmentation

Question 22

How does the human Nervous System demonstrate segmentation?

Answer 22

The vertebrae contain the similar repeating nervous system segments of the spinal cord

Question 23

What is the 5th step in the evolution of Nervous Systems?

Answer 23

Ganglia

Question 24

What do more recently evolved invertebrate phyla contain?

Answer 24

Ganglia

Question 25

What do Ganglia in more recently evolved invertebrate phyla resemble and do?

Answer 25

They resemble primitive brains and function somewhat like them in that they are command centers

Question 26

What is the 7th step in the evolution of the Nervous System?

Answer 26

Spinal cord

Question 27

What are Chordates?

Answer 27

Animals that have both a brain and a spinal cord

Question 28

How is the spinal cord depicted in relatively highly evolved chordates?

Answer 28

A single nervous system pathway connects the brain with sensory receptors and muscles

Question 29

Where do Chordates get their name?

Answer 29

For the notochord which is a flexible rod that runs the length of the back

Question 30

Which Phylum depicts the greatest degree of encephalization?

Answer 30

The Chordate phylum

Question 31

Which Chordates have the largest brain relative to body size?

Answer 31

Humans

Question 32

What does the Brain of each Chordate species have?

Answer 32

Specialization related to the distinctive behavior of that species

Question 33

What is the 7th step in the evolution of the Nervous system?

Answer 33

The brain

Question 34

What is common to all nervous systems of Chordates?

Answer 34

The basic structural pattern of bilateral symmetry, segmentation and a spinal cord and brain encased in cartilage or bone

Question 35

How did Chordate brains become larger?

Answer 35

They evolved limbs and forms of locomotion

Question 36

What is the evolution of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum related to in Chordates?

Answer 36

The evolution of more complex behavior

Question 37

What is the Cerebrum and Cerebellum like in the earliest evolved classes?

Answer 37

It is more smooth and small

Question 38

What is the Cerebrum and Cerebellum like in later evolved Chordates?

Answer 38

They are much more prominent and extensively folded

Question 39

What is not unique to humans in terms of the brain?

Answer 39

Increased size and folding of the cerebrum and Cerebellum