we can act as we want as long as we dont disturb order. we notice this when it is disrupted
social order
how do we ensure society will continue. need to transmit knowledge and norms to future society
social reproduction
having perspective and asking big questions. distinguishing between person and societal problems
sociological imagination
first woman sociologist and introduced sociology to England. she believed we need to focus on all aspects of a society (including politics and religion), all of its members (including women) and all issues (including marriage and race)
Harriet Martineau
Emile Durkheim
studied social facts using scientific principles. believed we should treat behavior as social facts and try to be neutral and unbiased. first sociologist to do research, researched suicide, he came up with anomie. he also came up with solidarity and social constraints
determinist framework
where a person ends up in life is significantly influenced by the position into which he was born
materialist conception of history
Marx’s viewpoint. social change is prompted by economic (capitalism) influences and the conflict between rich and poor classes. rich determine everything. society dominated by people who own things (material conditions)
Harriet Martineau
first woman sociologist and introduced sociology to England. she believed we need to focus on all aspects of a society (including politics and religion), all of its members (including women) and all issues (including marriage and race)
studied social facts using scientific principles. believed we should treat behavior as social facts and try to be neutral and unbiased. first sociologist to do research, researched suicide, he came up with anomie. he also came up with solidarity and social constraints
Emile Durkheim
belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress. there is no narrative. we live in a constant flux
postmodernism
feeling of despair provoked by modern social life, which can influence suicide. people feeling that their lives lack meaning. condition right before suicide, feeling that nothing in society will help them
anomie
what is naturally created vs socially created
social construction of reality
latent functions
social activities that contribute to the continuation of the society without people’s awareness. it was not the intention of the activity
social constraints
values, laws, etc that limit what we do. values can be taught by our parents, teachers, etc
developed new way of looking at society (very different from Comte & Durkheim). thought different classes led to conflict and wanted a radical change. he thought socialism would take over
Karl Marx
Durkhein believed this replaced religion as the basis of social cohesion and caused people to become even more dependent on each other
division of labor
believed one’s sense of self is greatly influenced by historical and social circumstances. first researcher to trace problems faced by blacks to their social and economic problems. came up with double consciousness (blacks want to succeed but are haunted by slavery)
W.E.B. Du Bois
where a person ends up in life is significantly influenced by the position into which he was born
determinist framework
theoretical approach which emphasizes symbols/language as core elements to our society. language allows us to be self conscious & aware. richly symbolic society (unlike animals) and symboles include social cues & body language. focus on small groups and face to face interaction
symbolic interactionism
Max Weber
critical of Marx. values and ideas drive social change, in addition to material conditions. he said capitalism came from christian beliefs. came up with rationalism and bureacracy
postmodernism
belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress. there is no narrative. we live in a constant flux
functionalism
analyze a social activity’s contribution to the continuation of the society as a whole. old fashioned in thinking (women should stay at home). Comte and Durkheim had this perspective
rational choice theory
a person’s behavior based on self-interest. a person will act in their own self-interests
considered founder of sociology in Western world. french aristocrat who coined the term sociology
August Comte
critical of Marx. values and ideas drive social change, in addition to material conditions. he said capitalism came from christian beliefs. came up with rationalism and bureacracy
Max Weber
socialization
the process by which people learn and internalize norms
social, economic and cultural life are organized due to efficiency. trying to get the best quality for the lowest price. Weber came up with this
rationalization
macrosociology
analysis of large scale social systems like politcal system and economics. it also includes long term processes of change like industrialism
society has independent parts (people, religion, education) that work together to hold traditional society together. we are all similar and have a sense of community. simple division of labor.
mechanical solidarity
analyze a social activity’s contribution to the continuation of the society as a whole. old fashioned in thinking (women should stay at home). Comte and Durkheim had this perspective
functionalism
globalization
growth of world interdependence. everything is made everywhere and transported. good and bad things about his.
a system that makes people behave in certain ways and rules
social structure
symbolic interactionism
theoretical approach which emphasizes symbols/language as core elements to our society. language allows us to be self conscious & aware. richly symbolic society (unlike animals) and symboles include social cues & body language. focus on small groups and face to face interaction
organic solidarity
society has independent parts (people, religion, education) that work together to hold modern society together. we are all different and we all need each other (specialists, doctor, etc). complex division of labor
a class system in which conflict is inevitable necause the ruling class wants to exploit the working class and the workers try to overcome this
Capitalism
division of labor
Durkhein believed this replaced religion as the basis of social cohesion and caused people to become even more dependent on each other
social construction of reality
what is naturally created vs socially created
study of everyday behavior during face to face interaction
microsociology
Marx’s viewpoint. social change is prompted by economic (capitalism) influences and the conflict between rich and poor classes. rich determine everything. society dominated by people who own things (material conditions)
materialist conception of history
large organization divided into jobs based on specific functions. exampes: hospitals, schools, government. can help organizatiosn run efficiently. rational form of organization. Weber came up with this
bureaucracy
social activities that are intended to contribute to the society as a whole on purpose
manifest functions
August Comte
considered founder of sociology in Western world. french aristocrat who coined the term sociology
rationalization
social, economic and cultural life are organized due to efficiency. trying to get the best quality for the lowest price. Weber came up with this
W.E.B. Du Bois
believed one’s sense of self is greatly influenced by historical and social circumstances. first researcher to trace problems faced by blacks to their social and economic problems. came up with double consciousness (blacks want to succeed but are haunted by slavery)
historical process
social change such as (immigration, urbanization, industrializaton). this is a slow process
social facts
aspects of social life that shape our actions that we can study. examples: economy, marriage, religion
the process by which people learn and internalize norms
socialization
Karl Marx
developed new way of looking at society (very different from Comte & Durkheim). thought different classes led to conflict and wanted a radical change. he thought socialism would take over
growth of world interdependence. everything is made everywhere and transported. good and bad things about his.
globalization
people who behave different from rules of a structure
deviants
society has independent parts (people, religion, education) that work together to hold modern society together. we are all different and we all need each other (specialists, doctor, etc). complex division of labor
organic solidarity
manifest functions
social activities that are intended to contribute to the society as a whole on purpose
social structure
a system that makes people behave in certain ways and rules
Capitalism
a class system in which conflict is inevitable necause the ruling class wants to exploit the working class and the workers try to overcome this
social change such as (immigration, urbanization, industrializaton). this is a slow process
historical process
sociological imagination
having perspective and asking big questions. distinguishing between person and societal problems
a person’s behavior based on self-interest. a person will act in their own self-interests
rational choice theory
mechanical solidarity
society has independent parts (people, religion, education) that work together to hold traditional society together. we are all similar and have a sense of community. simple division of labor.
anomie
feeling of despair provoked by modern social life, which can influence suicide. people feeling that their lives lack meaning. condition right before suicide, feeling that nothing in society will help them
bureaucracy
large organization divided into jobs based on specific functions. exampes: hospitals, schools, government. can help organizatiosn run efficiently. rational form of organization. Weber came up with this
analysis of large scale social systems like politcal system and economics. it also includes long term processes of change like industrialism
macrosociology
microsociology
study of everyday behavior during face to face interaction
deviants
people who behave different from rules of a structure
social reproduction
how do we ensure society will continue. need to transmit knowledge and norms to future society
values, laws, etc that limit what we do. values can be taught by our parents, teachers, etc
social constraints
social order
we can act as we want as long as we dont disturb order. we notice this when it is disrupted
aspects of social life that shape our actions that we can study. examples: economy, marriage, religion
social facts
social activities that contribute to the continuation of the society without people’s awareness. it was not the intention of the activity
latent functions