Chapter 1-4 Vocab

Question 0

“Three sister” farming

Answer 0

Reached North America by 1000
Helped make new plants possible
Beans grew up trellis of cornstalks
Squash covered the planting mounds- retain soil moisture
Produced some of the highest population densities on continent
Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee

Question 1

Mound Builders

Answer 1

Ohio river valley
Sustained large settlements after the incorporation of corn planting into their ways of life during the first millennium.

Question 2

Conquistadors

Answer 2

Helped Spanish become dominant exploring and colonizing power in 1500s
In service of god and in search of gold and glory
Fanned out across the Caribbean and onto America
Extinguished the Aztec and Incan empires
Established missions
Hoped to win royal titles (rarely did)
Brought diseases, gunpowder and horses

Question 3

Encomienda

Answer 3

Tested in labs in West Indies
Allowed govt to commend or give Indians to certain colonists
In return, they tried to Christianize them
Basically slavery
Bartolome de las Casas appalled this idea

Question 4

Aztec

Answer 4

There was unrest in Aztec empire-TONS OF GOLD- Tenochtitlán-welcomed in Cortez and thought he was a god- noche triste: June 30, 1520 Aztec attacked Spanish and drove them from capital- because of disease and death, the Aztec were defeated and came under 3 centuries of Spanish rule

Question 5

St. Augustine

Answer 5

Established to block French ambitions and protect the sea lanes to the Caribbean
Erected by the Spanish
1565
The oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the US

Question 6

Pueblo

Answer 6

1598-an expedition was led by Spaniards into the rio grande valley
Led by Don Juan de oñate, they abused the pueblos
Battle of acoma(1599)- Spanish severed the foot of each survivor
Leaders of popés rebellion

Question 7

Enclosure

Answer 7

1600’s
Land lords in the English Countryside
Enclosing crop lands for sheep grazing
Forcing many small farmers into tenancy or off the land all together

Question 8

Joint stock company

Answer 8

Investors invest money into an idea or task
The investors don’t do any work
They hire people to do the work
But the investors make all the money

Question 9

Virginia Company/ charter

Answer 9

Joint stock company
1606- received a charter from king James I for settlement in the new world
Promised that they would have same rights as English citizens.
Promise of gold and wanted to find a passage through America to indies
Only intended to endure for a few years.
3 ships

Question 10

Jamestown

Answer 10

May 1607- landed in Jamestown 
Early years were a nightmare 
40 colonist died on the voyage 
Disease, malnutrition, and starvation 
Lots of "gentlemen" who didn't want to work 
John smith stepped up as leader

Question 11

John smith

Answer 11

1608- Took over as leader of Jamestown when it was struggling
Young adventurer and soldier
“He who shall not work shall not eat”
Got himself captured and bartered with Indians

Question 12

Powhatan

Answer 12

Indian chieftain
Daughter was Pocahontas
Tried to Bargain with John smith
But relations grew tense
They fell victim to disease, disorganization, and disposability.
They had no economic function to the Spaniards and were defeated

Question 13

Starving time

Answer 13

Winter of 1609-1610
Colonists were dying in droves
Dug up corpses for food
Went from 400 to 60

Question 14

John Rolfe

Answer 14

Married Pocahontas- first interracial union
Killed in an Indian attack
Father of the tobacco industry and economic savior
Perfected tobacco in 1612

Question 15

House of Burgesses

Answer 15

London company authorized settlers to summon an assembly
In 1619
Miniature parliament
They could collect taxes and decide how to spend money
Make local laws
Eventually able to initiate legislation

Question 16

Indentured servant

Answer 16

Made up labor force in early Virginia
They had no money and were bound to work for years to pay their passage into new colony
The numbers dwindled because people began to realize how terrible it was
Head right system

Question 17

Slave code

Answer 17

1661
Used to control large and restive group of slaves
Defined slaves legal status 
Denied the most fundamental rights 
Gave masters virtually complete control

Question 18

William Penn

Answer 18

Founder of Pennsylvania
He was a Quaker
Promised better relations between whites and Indians
1682

Question 19

James Oglethorpe

Answer 19

One of the founders of GA
the ablest of founders 
Dynamic soldier statesman 
Interested in prison reform 
Repelled Spanish attacks

Question 20

John Wesley

Answer 20

A missionary in savannah
Worked among debtors and Indians
Later returned to England and founded the Methodist church

Question 21

The Iroquois

Answer 21

A great military power in now New York
5 Indian nations together
Founded in late 1500s by 2 leaders
The longhouse was they foundation of society
They came together and vanquished their rivals

Question 22

Maryland act of toleration

Answer 22

Maryland was a catholic Colony
Protestants threatened to place severe restrictions on catholics
Passed act in 1649
Guaranteed toleration to all Christians
Against Jews and atheists
Death penalty for those who didn’t believe

Question 23

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 23

Challenged Puritan orthodoxy
Very intelligent strong willed and talkative
Carried to logical extremes the doctrine of predestination
Said that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation
Brought to trial in 1683 and said she had come by her beliefs through a direct revelation from god
Killed by Indians

Question 24

John Winthrop

Answer 24

A prosperous educated person
Immigrated to the Massachusetts bay colony
A pillar of english society
Became bay colonies first governor
Helped mass prosper
Feared and distrusted the commons as the meaner sort and thought that democracy was the meanest and worst of all forms of govt

Question 25

Roger Williams

Answer 25

Aided by friendly Indians he fled to the Rhode Island area in 1636
Built a baptist church
Established compete freedom of religion
Demanded no oaths regarding religious beliefs, no required attendance into worship and no taxes to support a state church
Sheltered abused Quakers

Question 26

King Phillip

Answer 26

Massasoits son
Forged such an alliance and mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English villages throughout New England
King Philips war slowed the westward march of English settlement in New England for several decades

Question 27

Sir Edmund Andros

Answer 27

Head of the new dominion of New England
He was autocratic
Able English military man
Established head quarters in Puritanical Boston
He generated hostility by his own affliction with the despised Church of England

Question 28

Salutary neglect

Answer 28

1689-1691
New monarchs relaxed the royal grip of colonial trade
During this time, the much resented navigation laws were only weakly enforced

Question 29

Peter Stuyvesant

Answer 29

Lived in constant state of friction with residents of new Netherlands
Despotic in govt and intolerant in religion
He derived his power from god and the company
Opposed popular suffrage on the grounds that the thief would
voter for the thief and the rogue for the rogue
Forced to surrender

Question 30

“City upon a hill”

Answer 30

Declared by governor Winthrop
The Massachusetts colony had a shared sense of purpose among the first settlers
They wanted to be a beacon to humanity
Believed they had a covenant with god
An agreement to build a holy society that would be a model or mankind

Question 31

Pilgrims

Answer 31

Came to America on the Mayflower in 1620 in Plymouth bay
Became squatters
They had no legal right to the land and didnt have authority to establish a government
They wrote they mayflower compact
Their first winter was very hard
The ones who survived experienced a next prosperous fall

Question 32

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Answer 32

1629- a group of non separatist puritans got a royal charter
They feared for their faith and for England’s future
Proposed a sizable settlement with Boston as its hub
They didn’t want to separate from the Church of England. Just leave its impurities
The colony was blessed and prospered

Question 33

Dominion of New England

Answer 33

Crested by royal authority in 1686
It embraced all of New England
Aimed at bolstering colonial defense
Designed to promote urgently needed efficiency in the administration of English navigation laws

Question 34

Great migration

Answer 34

In the 1630s
About 70 thousand refugees left England
Some were puritans and only about 20 thousand went to Massachusetts
Many were attracted to West Indies

Question 35

Puritans

Answer 35

A worldly lot with spiritual intensity
Believed they were called to do gods work on earth
They had a serious commitment to work
They also enjoyed drinking, singing, and love making
They passed laws to repress certain human instincts
The Puritan magistrates banished Anne Hutchinson

Question 36

Navigation laws

Answer 36

Reflected the intensity of colonial rivalries in the 17th century
Sought to stitch England’s overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland
Throttling American trade with countries not ruled by the English crown
Smuggling became an increasingly common and honorable occupation

Question 37

Mayflower compact

Answer 37

1620
Written by pilgrims before disembarking into America
Set invaluable precedent for later written constitutions
Agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon
Signed by 41 adult males
A step toward genuine self government

Question 38

Pequot War

Answer 38

1637
English settlers and powerful Pequot tribe
English besieged a Pequot village in Connecticut
english had Indian allies
They set fire to Indian wigwams and shot fleeing survivors
This was the finish to the war
Caused 4 decades of uneasy peace between puritans and Indians

Question 39

New Netherland

Answer 39

Planted in 1623-1624 in the Hudson River area

Established by Dutch west India company for its fur trade

Question 40

Nathaniel Bacon

Answer 40

Led a 1676 Virginian break out.
A 29 year old planter
Many rebels were frontiersmen who had been forced into untamed backcountry in search of arable land
They resented Berkeleys friendly policies with Indians
Bacon and followers took masters into their own hands
Fell murderously upon the Indians
Chased Berkeley into Jamestown and torched the capital

Question 41

Headright system

Answer 41

Employed by both Virginia and Maryland
Encouraged they importation of servant workers
Whoever paid the passage of a laborer received 50 acres of land
Therefore, masters reaped the benefit of landownership
Helped create huge plantations

Question 42

The middle passage

Answer 42

The transatlantic sea voyage that brought slaves to the new world
It was the middle section of the voyage to America
It was long and hazardous
Began with a forced march to African coast and ended with a trek into the american interior