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Biology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Where atoms share electrons in their outer shell so a more stable compound is formed

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2
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Ions with opposite charges attract because they have given or taken an electron

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3
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

Where electrons are unevenly positioned around the nucleus, making the molecule polarised. The negative region of one molecule attracts the positive region of another and a weak bond is formed

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4
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Smaller molecules that can be linked together to form long chains of identical molecules

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5
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Many monomers chemically joined together to form a long chain

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6
Q

By what process can polymers form?

A

Monomers chemically join together to form polymers by polymerisation which occurs by condensation reactions, which produce a molecule of water

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7
Q

By what process can polymers be broken down?

A

By hydrolysis, where water is added and the bonds joining monomers are broken

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8
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

A polymer made of many monosaccharides

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9
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Monomers made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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10
Q

Name three monosaccharides

A

Glucose (alpha and beta), fructose and galactose

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11
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two sugar monomers chemically joined together (in a condensation reaction)

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12
Q

Name three disaccharides

A

Maltose, sucrose and lactose

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13
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

A

CnH2nOn
Or
(CH2O)n

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14
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

If the sample is not in liquid form, grind it up in water
Add an equal volume of Benedict’s reagent (which is an alkaline solution of copper (||) duplicate)
And heat
If there is a reducing sugar present, the solutions turns a orange brown colour

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15
Q

What bond is formed during a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides?

A

A glycosidic bond

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16
Q

How can a glycosidic bond broken?

A

Through hydrolysis by the addition of water

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17
Q

Which sugars are reducing?

A

All monosaccharides so glucose, fructose and lactose, as well as the disaccharides maltose and lactose

18
Q

Which sugars are non-reducing?

A

Just sucrose

19
Q

What is the test for non-reducing sugars?

A

Don’t show a positive result for the test for reducing sugars
If the sample is liquid, grind it up in water
Add sample to hydrochloric acid and heat
Slowly add sodium hydrogencarbonate solution to neutralise acid-check with indicator if it’s alkaline
Add Benedict’s reagent and heat, the positive orange brown colour shows non reducing sugar initially present

20
Q

Name three polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

21
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Add iodine to sample and shake or stir, a blue-black collar indicates presence of starch

22
Q

Where is starch found?

A

In seeds and storage organs, such as potato tubes

23
Q

What is the main function of starch?

A

As a food, provides the major energy source in most diets

24
Q

What is starch made from?

A

Chains of alpha glucose monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds formed by condensation reactions

25
Q

What is the structure of starch?

A

The chain is wound into a helix making it very compact, or the chains can also be branched, so the molecule has a larger surface area

26
Q

How is the structure of starch suitable for it’s role?

A

It’s insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential and osmosis isn’t interfered with
It’s large and insoluble do doesn’t diffuse out of cells
It’s compact, so lots can be stored in a small space
The branches mean glucose monomers are released very rapidly as many enzymes can act on it simultaneously
Alpha glucose is easily transported and used for respiration

27
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

In animals, as granules in muscles and liver, and bacteria- never plants

28
Q

What is the main function of glycogen?

A

It’s called animal starch as it provides carbohydrate storage for animals

29
Q

What is glycogen made from and what is its structure?

A

Alpha glucose could up, but it’s shorter and has more branches than starch

30
Q

Why is glycogen structure suitable for its role?

A

It is insoluble so doesn’t draw water into cells by osmosis
Isn’t able to diffuse out of cells, bring insoluble
It’s compact so lots can be stored in small spaces
Rapidly broken down by enzymes because it is highly branched (more than starch) and animals need more energy as they have a higher metabolic rate

31
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

In the cell wall of plant cells

32
Q

What is the main function of cellulose?

A

It provides the strength for the cell wall and helps to exert an inward force to prevent the cell bursting from influxes of water

33
Q

What is cellulose made from and what is its structure?

A

It’s made of long fibrils of beta glucose, which run parallel to each other and have many hydrogen bonds to strengthen the structure

34
Q

Why is the structure of cellulose suitable for its role?

A

To provide support and rigidity, cellulose molecules made of beta glucose so form long, straight unbranched chains
Which run parallel to each other and cross linked by hydrogen bonds which add collective strength
These grouped into microfibrils which are grouped into fibres which add strength

35
Q

What elements are lipids made from?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

36
Q

What is the solubility of lipids?

A

Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols

37
Q

What are some rolls of lipids?

A

Adding flexibility to cell membranes
As a source of energy which provides twice the energy carbohydrates do
As waterproofing as they are insoluble, for plants and insects
Insulators, add they are slow conductors of heat so retain body heat/around nerve cells
Protection around delicate organs like the kidneys

38
Q

What molecules make up triglycerides?

A

Three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule

39
Q

How many water molecules are released in the formation of a triglyceride?

A

3 as three condensation reactions occur

40
Q

What is the bond between fatty acids called?

A

An ester bond

Biology (5 decks)

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