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Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single celled organisms with no nucleus. Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Single-celled organisms with a nucleus and organelles

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3
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Bacteria carried this out before plants. Today photosynthetic organisms (bacteria and algae) account for more than 70% of the earths photosynthesis

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4
Q

Decomposition

A

Microorganisms help breakdown dead matter and waste into single compounds that can be directed back into the cycle of living things

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5
Q

Biotechnology

A

When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting

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6
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

An area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants & animals for the purpose of creating new products and GMOs (genetically modified organisms)

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7
Q

Recombinant DNA Technology

A

A technique for designing GMOs. Makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA

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8
Q

Bioremediation

A

Involves intro of microbes into environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants (eg oil spills)

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9
Q

Environmental Microbiology

A

Study of microbes on water, soil etc

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10
Q

Industrial Microbiology

A

Safeguards our food and water and inc biotechnology for food, beer, drugs etc

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11
Q

Food Microbiology

A

microbes are used to make or preserve food products (yogurt, salami, cheese)

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12
Q

Agricultural Microbiology

A

concerned with relationships between microbes and domestic animals

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13
Q

Microbial Diseases

A 
Respiratory infections - TOP KILLER of infectious diseases in world
Malaria
Flu/Pneumonia
HIV
TB
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14
Q

Bacteriology

A

Study of prokaryotes

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15
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungus

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16
Q

Phycology

A

Study of algae

17
Q

Protozoology

A

Study of protozoa

18
Q

Virology

A

Study of viruses (eg HIV)

19
Q

Immunology

A

Study of immune system

20
Q

Hooke

A

English, 1960s, may have been first to see microorganisms. Coined the word “cell”

21
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

Dutch, 1680s, was first person to accurately describe living microbes. Used simple, handheld, microscope. No condensor on these first microscopes!

22
Q

Abiogenesis

A

a= without, bio=life, genesis= beginning
It was thought life could appear from nonliving things
Aristotle 400 BC favored spontaneous generation

23
Q

Biogenesis

A

Others thought life originated from other life

24
Q

Redi

A

1660s - disproved spontaneous generation of maggots using the dishes of meat

25
Q

Joblot

A

1700s, boiled hay infusions, one covered, one not. Open container became cloudy, other stayed clear

26
Q

Schulze & Schwann

A

1800s, treated incoming gas with heat or chemicals - boiled broth media had no growth in it

27
Q

Pasteur

A

Mid-1800s, used swan necked flasks so particles would settle at bottom of neck. No growth in undisturbed flasks, but rapid growth in broken neck flasks
Also invented pasteurization
AND the beginning of the germ theory of disease

28
Q

Oliver Wendell Holmes

A

1830s - observed puerperal fever and realized mothers who gave birth at home had less infections than those at hospital (before germ theory)

29
Q

Semmelweiss

A

1840s - showed clearly that more women became infected by physicians coming from autopsy room than those with midwives. Enforced hand washing with chlorinated lime solution (also before germ theory)

30
Q

Joseph Lister

A

1860s - applied germ theory to treatment & prevention of disease and used carbolic acid (phenol) to clean hands, wounds & operating rooms. First to initiate aseptic technique

31
Q

Robert Koch

A

Pasteur’s contemporary established “Koch’s Postulates” - series of criteria that verified germ theory. Could establish whether organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused. Isolated microorganism and grew them in agar (first to do this) Used his system to prove anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis

32
Q

Taxonomy

A

Classification of living things, started by Carl Von Linne

33
Q

Nomenclature

A

assignment of scientific names.
Note: Every organism has binomial designation. Combination of generic genus name and specific species name. Capitalize genus name and species is lower case. ALL ITALICS eg Escherichia Coli

34
Q

Levels of Classification

A 
"Kings Play Chess on Fine Green Satin"
All start with Domain, then:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order 
Family
Genus
Species
35
Q

The Five Kingdom Model

A 
Robert Whittaker:
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists
Monera (bacteria and archaea)
36
Q

Woese-Fox System

A

Made up of three domains
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya

37
Q

John Tyndall

A

1870s - provided initial evidence that some microbes had very high heat resistance

38
Q

Ferdinand Cohn

A

1870s - discovery of endospores clarified reason that heat would sometimes fail to eliminate microbes. Word sterile was established from this point

Microbiology (1 decks)

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