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Flashcards in Chapter 1 Deck (100)
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1
Q

Chronic

A

(Of an illness) persisting for a long time; long-standing;

مزمن

2
Q

Restrict means?

A

You remember restricted area?

3
Q

Deviation

A

The action of departing from an established course or accepted standard; diversions, aggression, departure
انحراف،

4
Q

Permanence

A

This state or quality of lasting remaining and changed indefinitely; stability, durability;
The clarity and permanence of the dyes. دوام

5
Q

Intervene

A

Come between so as to prevent or alter a result; get involved; Intercede,
He acted outside his authority when he intervened in the dispute.
دخالت كردن

6
Q

Intercept

A

To stop sth or somebody

7
Q

Sustain

A

Strengthen or support physically or mentally ;

To bear . تحمل كردن

8
Q

Determine

A

1.Cause something to occur in a particular way; The side, regulate, dictate.
2. Firmly decide
مشخص كردن، تعيين كردن.

9
Q

Adjacent

A

Next to or Adjoining sth else;
Adjacent rooms
هم جوار

10
Q

Coherent

A

Logical and consistent; reasoned; rational;
They failed to develop a coherent economic strategy
منسجم و مربوط

11
Q

Analogous *

A

Comparable in certain respects; parallel;
They saw the relationship between a ruler and his subjects as analogous to that of father and children. مشابه و قابل قياس

12
Q

Attribution

A

Allocation; تخصيص

13
Q

Association

A

A connection or corporative link between people or organizations; relationship
He developed a close association with the University

14
Q

Subsidiary

A

Auxiliary or supplement

Of, or relating to a subsidy; Subsidiary payments to an ally

15
Q

Consist (v.)

A

Be composed or made of ;Include مركب بودن از

16
Q

Comprise

A

Consist of; to have sb/sth as parts or members

The collection comprises 327 paintings.

17
Q

Incorporate

A

To include sth so that it forms a part of sth:

The new car design incorporates all the latest safety features.

18
Q

Supplementary

A

Provided in addition to sth else in order to improve or complete it
Supplementary information

19
Q

Obligatory

A

Compulsory (syn).

It is obligatory for all employees to wear protective clothing.

20
Q

Intensity

A

The state of being intense;

Intensity of light/color/sound

21
Q

Inherent

A

That is basic of permanent part of sb/sth and that cannot be removed;
Violence is inherent in our society.
ذاتى

22
Q

Possessive

A

Demanding total attention or love; some parents are too possessive of their children.
Jimmy’s very possessive about his toys.

23
Q

Proportional

A

Of an appropriate size, amount or degree in comparison of sth
Salary is proportional to years of experience.
متناسب

24
Q

Evolve

A

To develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form.
The idea evolved from a drawing I discovered in the attic.

25
Q

Compile

A

To produce sth like book, list by bringing together different items

26
Q

Undergo

A

To experience sth especially a change;

My mother underwent major surgery last year.

27
Q

Discontent

A

A feeling of being unhappy; dissatisfaction;

There is widespread discontent among the staff at the proposed changes to pay and conditions.

28
Q

Antithesis

A

The opposite of sth;

Love is the antithesis of selfishness.

29
Q

Interaction

A

برهم كنش

30
Q

Emergence

A

ظهور

The emergence of new technologies

31
Q

Prototype

A

The first design of sth;

The prototype of the modern bicycle

32
Q

Derivative

A

A word or thing that has been developed or produced from another word or thing;
Happiness is the derivative of happy.

33
Q

Descendant

A

اولاد

34
Q

Tribute

A

An act or a statement that is intended to show your respect or admiration; praise. تكريم و ستايش
At her funeral her oldest friend paid tribute to her life and work.

35
Q

Inclined

A

Wanting to do sth;
She was inclined to trust him.
تمايل داشتن. خواستن
He’s inclined to be lazy.

36
Q

Deceive

A

To make sb believe sth that is not true;

Her husband had been deceiving her for years.

37
Q

Conceive

A

To form ab idea, a plan etc, in your mind; to imagine sth;

God is often conceived of as male.

38
Q

Hinder

A

To make it difficult for sb to do sth or for sth to happen;hamper;
Some teachers felt hindered by a lack of resources. ممانعت كردن

39
Q

Scold

A

To speak angrily to sb bcs they have done sth wrong. Rebuke;
He scolded them for arriving late.
تشر زدن، دعوا كردن

40
Q

Dispute

A

An argument or a disagreement between two people, groups or countries; discussion about a subject where there is disagreement.
A dispute between the two countries about the border
مناقشه و مشاجره

41
Q

Quarrel

A

An angry argument between people often about a personal matter.
He did not mention the quarrel with his wife. نزاع

42
Q

Prick

A

To make a very small hole in sth with a sharp point;

He pricked the balloon and burst it. سيخونك زدن

43
Q

Outcome

A

The way a thing turns out; a consequence.

It is the outcome of the vote that counts.

44
Q

Foundation

A

An underlying basis or principle for something .

This idea is the foundation of all modern economics. پايه

45
Q

Innovation

A

نوآورى، ابداعthe action or process of innovating;

46
Q

Implication

A

The conclusion that can be drawn from something. پيامد،

47
Q

Substantial

A

Fundamental; essential; of considerable importance.

A substantial amount of cash قابل توجه

48
Q

Consultation

A

The action of formally consulting or discussing;

They improved standards in consultation with consumer representatives. رايزنى

49
Q

Representative

A

A person chosen or appointed to act or speak for another or others; نماينده

50
Q

Conform

A

Comply with rules, standards, or laws.

The kitchen does not conform to hygiene regulations. مطابقت

51
Q

Opposition

A

Resistance or dissent;

There was considerable apposition to the proposal مخالفت

52
Q

Encounter

A

Unexpectedly experience or be faced with something difficult or hostile. Experience, heat, run into, come up against
We have encountered one small problem. مواجه شدن

53
Q

Emerge

A

Move out of or away from something and come into view. Come out, appear
Black ravens emerged from the fog.
پديدار شدن

54
Q

Occupy

A

Take control of the place especially a Country; The region was occupied by Britain during world war one. اشغال كردن

55
Q

Perceive

A

Come to realize or understand. Discern, recognize, become aware of.
His mouth fell open as he perceived the truth

56
Q

Quarrel

A

An angry argument between people often about a personal matter.
He did not mention the quarrel with his wife. نزاع

57
Q

Prick

A

To make a very small hole in sth with a sharp point;

He pricked the balloon and burst it. سيخونك زدن

58
Q

Outcome

A

The way a thing turns out; a consequence.

It is the outcome of the vote that counts.

59
Q

Foundation

A

An underlying basis or principle for something .

This idea is the foundation of all modern economics. پايه

60
Q

Implication

A

The conclusion that can be drawn from something. پيامد،

61
Q

Substantial

A

Fundamental; essential; of considerable importance.

A substantial amount of cash قابل توجه

62
Q

Consultation

A

The action of formally consulting or discussing;

They improved standards in consultation with consumer representatives. رايزنى

63
Q

Representative

A

A person chosen or appointed to act or speak for another or others; نماينده

64
Q

Conform

A

Comply with rules, standards, or laws.

The kitchen does not conform to hygiene regulations. مطابقت

65
Q

Opposition

A

Resistance or dissent;

There was considerable apposition to the proposal مخالفت

66
Q

Encounter

A

Unexpectedly experience or be faced with something difficult or hostile. Experience, heat, run into, come up against
We have encountered one small problem. مواجه شدن

67
Q

Emerge

A

Move out of or away from something and come into view. Come out, appear
Black ravens emerged from the fog.
پديدار شدن

68
Q

Occupy

A

Take control of the place especially a Country; The region was occupied by Britain during world war one. اشغال كردن

69
Q

Perceive

A

Come to realize or understand. Discern, recognize, become aware of.
His mouth fell open as he perceived the truth

70
Q

Enhance

A

Intensify; increase. Improve the quality;

His refusal does nothing to enhance his reputation. بالا بردن، زياد كردن

71
Q

Ultimately

A

Finally, in the end, eventually, at lenght

72
Q

Empirical

A

Based on, concerned with, or verifiable way of the ration of experience rather than theory or pure logic; experimental, practical;
They provided considerable empirical evidence to support their argument. تجربى

73
Q

Derive

A

Obtain sth from a specified source; get; procure;

They derived great comfort from this assurance. نتيجه گرفتن

74
Q

Devote

A

Give all or a large part of one’s time or resources to a person;allocate; assign;
I wanted to devote more time to my family. اختصاص دادن

75
Q

Phenomena

A

A fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen; occurrence; happening;
Glaciers are unique and interesting natural phenomena. پديده

76
Q

Criteria

A

The principle or a standard by which something may be judged or decided.
ضوابط، شاخص

77
Q

Compensate

A

Give something typically money in recognition of loss suffering or injury incurred; recompense; repay
Payments were made to farmers to compensate them for cuts in subsidies. جبران كردن

78
Q

Inhibition

A

A feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way;shyness;
The children, at first shy, soon lost their inhibitions.

79
Q

Contradiction

A

The combination of the statements, ideas or features of a situation that are opposed to one another;
The proposed new system suffers from a set of internal contradiction. تناقض، تضاد

80
Q

Fluctuate

A

To change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another;
Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season.
Her weight fluctuates wildly.

81
Q

Conformity

A

Behavior that follows the usual standards that are expected by a group or society;
It’s depressing how much conformity there is in such young children.
انطباق

82
Q

Coordination

A

The act of making all people involved in a plan or activity work together in an organized way:
There is absolutely no coordination between the different groups- nobody knows what anyone else is doing.
هماهنگي

83
Q

Pursue

A

To follow someone or something, usually to try to catch them;
The car was pursued by helicopters.
تعقيب كردن

84
Q

Deposit

A

To leave something Somewhere;
The flood waters fell, depositing mud over the whole area.
گذاشتن

85
Q

Exceed

A

To be greater than a number or amount, or to go past an allowed limit;
The final cost should not exceed $5000.
تجاوز كردن

86
Q

Transmission

A

The process of broadcasting something but radio, television, etc. or something that is broadcast;
We apologize for the interruption to our transmissions this afternoon.
انتقال، ارسال

87
Q

Compensation

A

Money that is paid to someone in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem;
She received €40,000 in compensation for a lost eye.
جبران

88
Q

Diminish

A

To reduce or be reduced in size or importance;
I don’t want to diminish her achievements, but you did have a lot of help.
خرد شدن، ضعيف كردن

89
Q

Mandatory

A

Something that is mandatory must be done or is demanded by law;
The minister was calling for mandatory prison sentences for people who assault police officers.
اجباري

90
Q

Inclination

A

A feeling that you want to do a particular thing, or the fact that you prefer or are more likely to do a particular thing;
We should be facing our decisions on solid facts, not inclinations and hunches.
تمايل

91
Q

Hunch

A

A feeling or guess based on intuition rather than known facts;
I had a hunch that you’d be here.
احساس وقوع امرى در اينده

92
Q

Incentive

A

Something get encourages the person to do something;
Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest more of their income.
There is no incentive for customers to conserve water.
انگيزه

93
Q

Conserve

A

To keep and protect something from damage, change, or waste;
To conserve electricity, we are cutting down on our heating.
ذخيره كردن

94
Q

Establish

A

To start a company or organization that will continue for a long time;
These methods of working were established in the last century.
تاسيس شدن، برقرار كردن

95
Q

Integrate

A

1.To mix with and join society or a group of people, Often changing to suit the way of life, habits, and customs;
He seems to find it difficult to integrate socially. ادغام كردن
2. Combine one thing with another so that they become a whole;
Transportation planning should be integrated with energy policy.
syn: merge, amalgamate

96
Q

Predominant

A

Present as the strongest or main element;More noticeable or important, larger in number, then others;
Research forms the predominant part of my job.
Dancers have a pre-dominant role in this performance.
غالب، برجسته

97
Q

Contrary

A

The opposite in nature, direction or meaning;
He ignored contrary advice and agreed on the deal.
مخالف، ضد
Syn: opposite, contradictory

98
Q

Intrinsic

A

Being an extremely important and basic characteristic of a person or thing; belonging naturally, essential.
Works of little intrinsic value
Syn: inherent, innate
ذاتى، باطنى

99
Q

Sunken

A

Having song or been submerged in water;
They’re driving from sunken treasure.
غرق شده در ته آب

100
Q

Attain

A

To reach or succeed in getting something; succeed in achieving.
Has attained the highest grades in his music exams.
Syn: accomplish
رسيدن، دست يافتن