Types of prokaryotes?
bacteria and archaea
types of eukaryotes?
algae, protozoa, molds, yeasts (fungi), and certain arthropods and worms
Why are arthropods and worms considered microorganisms?
can cause infectious diseases Ex.) fleas, ticks, tape worms
What is biotechnology?
when humans manipulate microbes to make products in an industrial setting.
What causes gastric ulcers?
hellicobacter
what causes diabetes?
coxsackievirus
what causes fatigue syndrome?
retrovirus
what disease causes infertility in females?
clamydia
What causes liver cancer?
Hepatitis virus
What causes cervical Cancer
Human papillomavirus
What is zoonoses?
diseases spread to humans from other animals
Type of emerging disease?
influenza virus (H1N1); combo of swine bird and human virus
Types of reemerging diseases?
tuberculosis, influenza, malaria, cholera, hepatitis B
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the father of what?
bacteriology and protooology
what are the branches of microbiology?
bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, virology, parasitology, phycology/algology
What are some applicable microbiological principles?
industry, agriculture, and human and veterinary medicine
When did the first bacteria approximately appear?
3.5 billions years ago
Bacteria is measured using ______.
micrometers
Viruses are measured using _____.
nanometers
what is are some of the longest bacteria that can be seen with the naked eye?
Epulopisium fishelsoni (500 um) and Thiomargarita namimbiensis (850 um)
What is the most abundant organism in seawater?
Pelagibacter ubique (accounts for approximately 25% of all microbial plankton cells)
What is the most abundant bacteria in the human intestine?
Bacteriodes
Approximately how many microbial infections are theres on people in a year?
10 billion
About how many people are killed from microbes a year?
12 million (a quarter are due to respiratory disease)
How many people in world are killed due to HIV/AIDS?
3 million people (4 million became infected in 2006)
About how many people have died of AIDS in the US in the last 25 years?
550,000
About how many people have died of AIDS in Texas in the last 25 years?
68,000
What is a new strain of E.coli?
E.coli 0157:H7
What is an emerging zoonoses of the influenza virus?
influenza strain A type H5N1
What are some reasons for reemerging diseases?
Changes in the population distribution, previously unrecognized diseases appearing in sudden breaks, changes in human behavior, changes in medical and biological practices
What theory did Louis Pasteur refute?
the theory of spontaneous generation using bottle neck flasks with sterile in fusion
Who was the first to develop a vaccine against rabies?
Louis Pateur
Who confirmed the germ theory of disease?
Robert Koch
What is a hypothesis?
a tentative explanation to account for what have been observed or measured. Capable of being supported or discredited by experimentation or careful systematic observation.
what is the process of the scientific method?
hypothesis - tests - results - theory - law
what is deductive process?
starts with a general hypothesis that predicts specific expectations.
What is inductive process?
is based on specific observations to formulate a general hypothsis
Who developed the system of taxonomy in microorganisms?
Carl von Linee
What are the levels of classification in order from least to most specific?
Kingdom, phylum/division, class order family, genus, species
what is the Wittaker system?
classification is based on cell structure and type, body organization, and nutritional type. (5 kingdoms and 2 cell types)
what is the Woase Fox system?
the latest classification with three domains or superkingdoms (Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya)
Ferdinand Cohn
discovered and described in detail bacterial endospores. He coined the term ‘sterile’
Nicholas Appert
discovered how to can food without spoiling
Oliver Holmes
mothers experienced fewer infections when they gave birth at home
John Tyndall
Evidence that some microbes in air and dust have a very high HEAT resistance. Introduced vigorous heat treatment to destroy microbes. Tydallization: steam for an hour, incubate, steam again, incubate and steam again to make sure that all forms of life are killed.
Edward Jenner
inoculated his own son with fluid from cowpox blister
lieske
published a monograph on more than 20 ‘antimicrobial substances’
Alexander Fleming
first to discover penicillin
Gerhard Domagk
discovered sulfa drugs
Ernst Chain and Howard Florey
first to isolate and purify penicillin for human use
Selman Waksman
coined the word ‘antibiotic’ Isolated streptomycin, choramphenicol, tretracycline, and others.
Giuseppe Brotzu
isolated the antibiotic cephalosporin from Cephalosporium acremonium from sea water.