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1
Q

Types of prokaryotes?

A

bacteria and archaea

2
Q

types of eukaryotes?

A

algae, protozoa, molds, yeasts (fungi), and certain arthropods and worms

3
Q

Why are arthropods and worms considered microorganisms?

A

can cause infectious diseases Ex.) fleas, ticks, tape worms

4
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

when humans manipulate microbes to make products in an industrial setting.

5
Q

What causes gastric ulcers?

A

hellicobacter

6
Q

what causes diabetes?

A

coxsackievirus

7
Q

what causes fatigue syndrome?

A

retrovirus

8
Q

what disease causes infertility in females?

A

clamydia

9
Q

What causes liver cancer?

A

Hepatitis virus

10
Q

What causes cervical Cancer

A

Human papillomavirus

11
Q

What is zoonoses?

A

diseases spread to humans from other animals

12
Q

Type of emerging disease?

A

influenza virus (H1N1); combo of swine bird and human virus

13
Q

Types of reemerging diseases?

A

tuberculosis, influenza, malaria, cholera, hepatitis B

14
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the father of what?

A

bacteriology and protooology

15
Q

what are the branches of microbiology?

A

bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, virology, parasitology, phycology/algology

16
Q

What are some applicable microbiological principles?

A

industry, agriculture, and human and veterinary medicine

17
Q

When did the first bacteria approximately appear?

A

3.5 billions years ago

18
Q

Bacteria is measured using ______.

A

micrometers

19
Q

Viruses are measured using _____.

A

nanometers

20
Q

what is are some of the longest bacteria that can be seen with the naked eye?

A

Epulopisium fishelsoni (500 um) and Thiomargarita namimbiensis (850 um)

21
Q

What is the most abundant organism in seawater?

A

Pelagibacter ubique (accounts for approximately 25% of all microbial plankton cells)

22
Q

What is the most abundant bacteria in the human intestine?

A

Bacteriodes

23
Q

Approximately how many microbial infections are theres on people in a year?

A

10 billion

24
Q

About how many people are killed from microbes a year?

A

12 million (a quarter are due to respiratory disease)

25
Q

How many people in world are killed due to HIV/AIDS?

A

3 million people (4 million became infected in 2006)

26
Q

About how many people have died of AIDS in the US in the last 25 years?

A

550,000

27
Q

About how many people have died of AIDS in Texas in the last 25 years?

A

68,000

28
Q

What is a new strain of E.coli?

A

E.coli 0157:H7

29
Q

What is an emerging zoonoses of the influenza virus?

A

influenza strain A type H5N1

30
Q

What are some reasons for reemerging diseases?

A

Changes in the population distribution, previously unrecognized diseases appearing in sudden breaks, changes in human behavior, changes in medical and biological practices

31
Q

What theory did Louis Pasteur refute?

A

the theory of spontaneous generation using bottle neck flasks with sterile in fusion

32
Q

Who was the first to develop a vaccine against rabies?

A

Louis Pateur

33
Q

Who confirmed the germ theory of disease?

A

Robert Koch

34
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a tentative explanation to account for what have been observed or measured. Capable of being supported or discredited by experimentation or careful systematic observation.

35
Q

what is the process of the scientific method?

A

hypothesis - tests - results - theory - law

36
Q

what is deductive process?

A

starts with a general hypothesis that predicts specific expectations.

37
Q

What is inductive process?

A

is based on specific observations to formulate a general hypothsis

38
Q

Who developed the system of taxonomy in microorganisms?

A

Carl von Linee

39
Q

What are the levels of classification in order from least to most specific?

A

Kingdom, phylum/division, class order family, genus, species

40
Q

what is the Wittaker system?

A

classification is based on cell structure and type, body organization, and nutritional type. (5 kingdoms and 2 cell types)

41
Q

what is the Woase Fox system?

A

the latest classification with three domains or superkingdoms (Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya)

42
Q

Ferdinand Cohn

A

discovered and described in detail bacterial endospores. He coined the term ‘sterile’

43
Q

Nicholas Appert

A

discovered how to can food without spoiling

44
Q

Oliver Holmes

A

mothers experienced fewer infections when they gave birth at home

45
Q

John Tyndall

A

Evidence that some microbes in air and dust have a very high HEAT resistance. Introduced vigorous heat treatment to destroy microbes. Tydallization: steam for an hour, incubate, steam again, incubate and steam again to make sure that all forms of life are killed.

46
Q

Edward Jenner

A

inoculated his own son with fluid from cowpox blister

47
Q

lieske

A

published a monograph on more than 20 ‘antimicrobial substances’

48
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

first to discover penicillin

49
Q

Gerhard Domagk

A

discovered sulfa drugs

50
Q

Ernst Chain and Howard Florey

A

first to isolate and purify penicillin for human use

51
Q

Selman Waksman

A

coined the word ‘antibiotic’ Isolated streptomycin, choramphenicol, tretracycline, and others.

52
Q

Giuseppe Brotzu

A

isolated the antibiotic cephalosporin from Cephalosporium acremonium from sea water.