Chapter 1

Question 1

the science of the structure of living organisms

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

the science of the functioning of living organisms

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

specialized structured in a cell that perform specific metabolic functions

Answer 3

Organelle

Question 4

the basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane

Answer 4

Cell

Question 5

a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues

Answer 5

Tissue

Question 6

a part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function

Answer 6

Organ

Question 7

a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function; e.g., nervous system

Answer 7

Organ System

Question 8

an individual living thing

Answer 8

Organism

Question 9

the sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body

Answer 9

Metabolism

Question 10

a state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body

Answer 10

Homeostasis

Question 11

feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end

Answer 11

Negative-Feedback Mechanisms

Question 12

1. a peripheral nerve ending specialized for response to particular types of stimuli, 2

Answer 12

Receptor

Question 13

receives information about certain surroundings and other ideas

Answer 13

Control Center

Question 14

an organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings

Answer 14

Effector

Question 15

feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus

Answer 15

Positive-Feedback Mechanism

Question 16

erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward

Answer 16

Anatomical Position

Question 17

refers to the head or upper body regions

Answer 17

Superior

Question 18

inner parts of the body

Answer 18

Interior

Question 19

the front of an organism, organ, or part; vertical surface

Answer 19

Anterior

Question 20

outer part of the body

Answer 20

Posterior

Question 21

a longitudinal plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions

Answer 21

Sagittal Plane

Question 22

plane that divides the body or its parts into superior and inferior portions; also called a cross section

Answer 22

Transverse Plane

Question 23

a longitudinal plane that divides the body the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts

Answer 23

Frontal Plane

Question 24

divides the body at an angle

Answer 24

Oblique Plane

Question 25

the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall

Answer 25

Thoracic Cavity

Question 26

hardly an empty space, it contains a number of crucial organs including the lower part of the esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder

Answer 26

Abdominal Cavity

Question 27

body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis, contains reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, the pelvic colon, and the rectum

Answer 27

Pelvic Cavity

Question 28

membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body

Answer 28

Serous Membranes

Question 29

space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement

Answer 29

Pericardial Cavity

Question 30

space that lies between the pleura, the two thin membranes that line and surround the lungs

Answer 30

Pleural Cavity

Question 31

continuous area between the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum surrounding the abdominal organs

Answer 31

Peritoneal Cavity

Question 32

the double-layered membrane of the peritoneum that supports most organs in the abdominal cavity

Answer 32

Mesentary