Chapter 1 Flashcards by Megan Vallandingham

name the levels of anatomical structural organization

-chemical, cellular, tissue, organ level, organ system level, organism also level

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Chemical level

Atoms combine to form molecules, molecules combine to form macromolecules(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nuclei acid)

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Cellular level

Cells and their surroundings are made up of molecules.

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Tissue level

Consist of similar types of cells and associated extra cellular material.
Epithelial tissue forms inner lining of blood vessels

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Organ level

Discrete structure made up of multiple tissue types

Liver, brain, femur, blood vessels

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Organ system level

A unified group of organs and tissues that perform a specific function.
Cardiovascular system,blood vessels, blood, heart.

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Organismal level

Smaller systems working interdependently

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Name the 11 systems of the body

Integumentary system , skeletal, 
muscular system, nervous system, 
endrocrine system,
 cardiovascular system,
 lymphatic system, 
respiratory system, 
digestive system, 
urinary system
male/female reproductive system.

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Ipsilateral

On the same side

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Contralateral

On opposite sides

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Anterior/ventral

Toward, or at the front of the body

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Posterior/dorsal

Towards or at the back of the body, behind

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Describe anatomical position

Standing erect, feet flat, eyes forward, thumbs pointing away from body and palms facing outward

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Describe basic features of the human body that are shared with all vertebrae

Tube within a tube body plan: inner tube starts at mouth and ends at anus
Bilateral symmetry
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord and vertebrae
Segmentation( repeating similar structures)
Pharyngeal pouches

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Name the 2 body cavities

Dorsal and ventral

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Dorsal body cavities subdivisions

Cranial cavity(brain)and vertebral cavity (vertebrae)

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Ventral body cavity subdivisions

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

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Name the three thoracic cavity parts

Pleural cavity( lungs)
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity ( heart)

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What is a tissue

A group of cells of similar structure that perform a common function

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List 4 major types of tissues and their one word functions

Epithelial is covering
Connective is support
Muscle is movement
Nervous is control

Location of epithelial tissue

Outer layer of skin, linings of stomach and respiratory tube, lining of peritoneal cavity, lining of blood vessels

Function of epithelial tissue

Protection of underlying tissues
Secretion
absorption
Diffusion
Filteration
sensory reception

Histology

Study of tissues

6 general characteristics of epithelial cells

Cellularity
Specialized contacts
Polarity
Supported by connective tissue
A vascular but innervated(nerve endings)
Regeneration

What are the 3 basic types of cells

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

What’s the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands

ENDOcrine are ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood EXOcrine have ducts and secrete onto body surfaces/body cavities

List the 4 types of connective tissues

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

List the functions of connective tissues

- form basis of skeleton( bone/cartilage) - store and carry nutrients( fat tissue/blood) - surround all blood vessels/nerves( connective tissue proper)

Describe general characteristics of connective tissues

1. Few cells, lots of extra cellular matrix 2. EM= ground substance and fibers 3. Mesenchyme

Three types of lining membranes

Cutaneous- “skin” covering the outside surface of the body 2. Mucous membrane- lines inside of every hollow organ that opens up to the outside of the body (respiratory tract, digestive, reproductive, urinary) 3. Serous membrane- slippery membrane that lines closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

List 3 types of muscle tissues and where they are located

``` Skeletal muscles ( on skeletal) Cardiac muscle (on heart) Smooth muscle (hollow internal organs) ```

Explains the functions of the 3 muscles

1 produce movement 2 open/close passage ways 3 maintain posture and stability joints 4 generate heat

Are blood vessels located within the muscle tissue itself?

Yes, they have 1 nerve, artery and vein

Where are nervous tissue located

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Explains the function of the two types of cells found in nervous tissue

Nerurons- generate/conduct electrical impulses | Glial cells- support nourish and insulate the neuron

How many cells make up the human body?

50-100 trillion

Name the three scientists who formulated the cell theory and what were their main ideas about the cells

Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow Cell is the basic unit of life Cells come from other cells All living organisms consist of one or more cells

What basic activities must a cell perform?

1. Obtain nutrients and essential substances from surrounding body fluids 2. Use nutrients to make molecules 3. Dispose wastes 4. Maintain shape and integrity 5. Replace itself

Name three basic parts of a cell

Cytoplasm,plasma membrane and nucleus

Name the different types of membrane transport

``` Passive process Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Active transport ```

Passive process

Does not require energy | Goes down the concentration gradient (more to less)

Simple diffusion

Movement of a molecule from a region from high concentration to low concentration Molecule is able to move through the phosphate bilateral Small no polar or fat soluble (o2,co2, steroid hormones, urea)

Facillated diffusion

Diffusion of hydrophilic molecules | Requires protein- passage though the lipid bilayer

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through lipid bilayer | Most water transport is through water channels(aquaporins)

Active processes

Requires energy ATP is the most common energy source Requires protein

Eukaryotic

“Good nucleus” Organelles Younger in evolutionary sense Generally larger

Prokaryotic

``` “Before nucleus” NO nucleus No organelles Older in evolutionary sense Tend to be smaller ```

Light microscope

Uses visible light Mid 1600s Uses stains and dyes to enhance contrast Cheap

Electron microscope

Uses electrons to illuminate specimens 1940s Use heavy metals to enhance contrast Expensive