Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Organization and General Plan of the Body (115 cards)
1
Q
superior
A
above or higher
2
Q
inferior
A
below or lower
3
Q
anterior
A
towards the front
4
Q
posterior
A
towards the back
5
Q
ventral
A
towards the front
6
Q
dorsal
A
towards the back
7
Q
medial
A
towards the midline
8
Q
lateral
A
away from the midliine
9
Q
parietal
A
lines the cavity
10
Q
visceral
A
covers the organ
11
Q
What is Anatomy?
A
is the study of the body structure. It includes
- size
- shape
- composition
- coloration
12
Q
What is Physiology?
A
is the study of how the body functions
13
Q
What is the anatomy of the red blood cells?
A
contains iron in hemoglobin
14
Q
what is the physiology of red blood cells?
A
carries oxygen, their function
15
Q
pathophysiology
A
is the study of disorders of functioning
16
Q
What is the simplest level of organization
A
the chemical level
17
Q
what is organic chemicals?
A
are often very complex and always contain the the elements carbon and hydrogen
18
Q
What are some examples of organic chemicals?
A
- carbohydrates
- fats
- proteins
- nucleic acids
19
Q
What is inorganic chemical?
A
usually the simple molecules made out of one or two elements with the exception of of carbon dioxide (it is simple)
20
Q
what are some examples of inorganic chemicals?
A
- water
- oxygen
- iron
- sodium
- calcium
21
Q
What is the smallest unit of structure and function?
A
cells
22
Q
how many different cell types is the in the human body?
A
more then 200
23
Q
what is the estimation of cells in the body?
A
37 trillion with more then 200 jobs
24
Q
tissue
A
is a group of cells with similar structure and function
25
Epithelial tissue
cover or line body surfaces
26
what are some examples of epithelial tissue?
outer layer of skin
sweat glands
squamous epithelium (internal epithelium in the wall of capillaries)
cuboidal epithelium (kidney tubules)
27
connective tissues
connect and support parts of the body, and some transport or store materials
28
what are some examples of connective tissues
blood, bone, cartilage, and adipose tissues
29
muscle tissues
are specialized in contraction, which brings movement
30
what are some examples of muscle tissues?
skeletal muscles
heart
31
nerve tissue
are specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions
32
what are some examples of nerve tissues?
brain and optic nerve
33
What is an Organ?
isa group of tissues precisely arranged so as to accomplish specific functions
34
examples of organs?
lung
stomach
liver
35
organ system
is a group of organs that all contribute to a particular function
36
integumentary system function
- protects the body by serving as a barrier to pathogens and chemicals
- prevents excessive water loss
37
integumentary system organs
- skin
- subcutaneous tissue
38
skeletal system function
- support the body
- protects internal organs and red bone marrow
- provides framework to be moved by muscle
39
skeletal system organs
- bones
- ligaments
40
muscular system function
- moves the skeleton or other body parts
- produces heat
41
muscular system organs
- muscles
-tendons
42
nervous system function
- interprets sensory information and decides how to use it
- regulates body functions, such as movement, by means of electrochemical impulses
43
nervous system organs
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
- eyes
- ears
44
endocrine system function
- regulates body functions such as growth and reproduction by means of hormones
- regulates day-to-day metabolism by means of hormones
45
endocrine system organs
- thyroid gland
- pituitary gland
- ovaries or testes
- pancreas
46
circulatory system function
- transport oxygen and nutrients to tissue and removes waste products
47
circulatory system organ
- heart
- blood
- arteries
- veins
48
lymphatic system function
- returns tissue fluid to blood
- destroys pathogens that enter the body and provides immunity
49
lymphatic system organs
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- thymus glands
50
respiratory system function
- exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood
51
respiratory system organs
- lungs
- trachea
- larynx
- diaphragm
52
digestive system function
- changes food into simple chemicals that can be absorbed and used by the body
53
digestive system organs
- stomach
- colon
- liver
- pancreas
54
urinary system function
- removes waste products from the blood
- regulates volume and pH of blood and tissue fluid
55
Urinary system organs
- kidneys
- urinary bladder
- urethra
56
Reproductive system function
- produce eggs or sperm
- in women, provides a site for developing embryo/fetus
57
reproductive system organ
Female: ovaries, uterus
Males: testes, prostate gland
58
Microbiome
a home to micro bacteria
59
microbiota
enormous population of bacteria and other microorganisms
60
biome
- comes from the science of ecology
- maybe be used as the population of a particular environment or the environment itself
61
what are human microbiomes
- skin surface
- the oral cavity
- vagina
- intestine
(opens to the environment)
62
symbiosis
- "together -life"
- all species benefit (also called mutualism)
63
external
outside, or exterior to
64
internal
within, or interior to
65
superficial
towards the surface
66
deep
within, interior to
67
central
the main part
68
peripheral
extending from the main part
- ex: nerves in the arm
69
proximal
closer to the origin
- the knee is proximal to the foot
70
distal
farther from the origin
- ex: the palm is distal to the elbow
71
what are the benefits of the "good" bacteria?
- produce vitamins we need (vitamin K, for blood clotting)
- prevent he growth of pathogens
- ferments the food residue we don't digest helps nourish the epithelial cells that form the intestinal lining
- helps the immune system "establish it self"
72
73
Homeostasis
Reflects the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable metabolism and to function normally despite many constant changes
74
Metabolism definition
It is all of the chemical reactions and physical processes that take place within the body. Growing, Reparing, Reacting, Reproducing
75
Metabolic rate
Used to mean the speed at which the body produces energy and heat or energy production per unit of time
76
Antebrachial
forearm
77
antecubital
front of elbow
78
axillary
armpit
79
brachial
upper arm
80
buccal (oral)
mouth
81
cardiac
heart
82
cervical
neck
83
cranial
head
84
cutaneous
skin
85
deltoid
shoulder
86
femoral
thigh
87
frontal
forehead
88
gastric
stomach
89
gluteal
buttocks
90
hepatic
liver
91
iliac
hip
92
inguinal
groin
93
lumbar
small of back
94
mammary
breast
95
nasal
nose
96
occipital
back of head
97
orbital
eye
98
parietal
crown of head
99
patellar
kneecap
100
pectoral
chest
101
pedal
foot
102
perineal
pelvic floor
103
plantar
sole of foot
104
popliteal
back of knee
105
pulmonary
lungs
106
renal
kidney
107
sacral
base of spine
108
scapular
shoulder blade
109
sternal
breast bone
110
temporal
side of head
111
umbilical
navel
112
volar (palmer)
palm
113
frontal (coronal) plane
back and front
114
sagittal plane
left and right
115
transverse plane
up and down
