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1
Q

structure

A

Anatomy

2
Q

function

A

Physiology

3
Q

hierarchy of biological order

A
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system 
organism
4
Q

the smallest unit of life

A

Cell

5
Q

collection of cells working together

A

Tissue level

6
Q

collection of tissues working together to perform novel activity

A

Organ level

7
Q

collection of organs working together

A

Organ system

8
Q

the sum of a living things chemical reactions; performed in order to acquire and utilize energy

A

Metabolism

9
Q

the ability to recognize change (external and internal) and to react appropriately

A

Responsiveness

10
Q

homeostasis: a state of balance, in which internal conditions change, but only within narrow limits, and despite external influence

A

Maintenance of homeostasis

11
Q

3 function common of living things

A

metabolism
responsiveness
maintenance of homeostasis

12
Q

to detect change in bodily function

A

receptor

13
Q

analyze the significance of the change & formulates appropriate response(s)

A

control center

14
Q

performs the response formulated by control center

A

effector

15
Q

effector’s actions oppose an original change/event

A

negative feedback

16
Q

effector’s actions enhance an original event.. platelets plugging a blood vessel hole; amped up the platelets to fix it, making it stronger

A

positive feedback

17
Q
  1. water molecules stick together. Polars- electrons make one end more/less negative than the other; go to one side. Hydrogen bond
A

Cohesive Behavior

18
Q

moderating properties. We can use water to help keep temperatures from going too high because of the cohesive behavior

A

Temperature

19
Q

strongly resists temperature increases

A

High heat capacity

20
Q
  • absorbs lots of heat before evaporating

* Evaporative cooling- sweating cools us off

A

High heat of vaporization

21
Q

water is a good

A

polar solvent that dissolves charged solutes

22
Q

ionic substances that do not have hydrogen as their cation (+) or (OH-) as the anion (-) hydroxide

A

salts

23
Q

release hydrogens when dissolved

* The greater the H+, the more acidic a solution is

A

Acids

24
Q

accept H+ ions from solution

* The fewer the H+, the more basic (alkaline)

A

bases

25
Q

pH level drops,

A

10x more acid

26
Q

pH level increases

A

10x more basic

27
Q

ph 5 to 4

A

10x more

28
Q

ph 10 to 11

A

1/10x more

29
Q

4 major categories of organic compounds in living things

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid

30
Q
  • monomers get combined into a polymer with the removal of water… water gets out, monomers come together to form polymer. O-H HO-O = H-H-O = left with O-O polymer BUILD
A

Dehydration synthesis-

31
Q
  • a polymer is broken down into monomers with the addition of water… polymer O-O; H-O-H; O-H HO-O (lysis- break) TAKE APART
A

Hydrolysis

32
Q

carbohydrates have 1:2:1 ratios

A

c6 h12 O6

33
Q
  • monomer
    • Carb monomer
    • Rings of 5-6 carbons, with lots of H and O
    • Cells can only take in carbs that are in this form
    • EX. Glucose, fructose
A

Monosaccharides

34
Q
  • polymer
    • 2 monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis (always to build things)
    • EX. Sucrose, lactose, maltose
A

Disaccharides

35
Q
  • polymer
    • Two main uses:
      • Some are easily broken down and used for energy storage- starch (plants) glycogen (animals- muscles & liver)
      • Some are difficult to break down & are used for protection- cellulose (plant cell walls) chitin (animal exoskeletons)
A

polysaccharides

36
Q

generally non polar (uncharged). Generally insoluble in water.

A

lipids

37
Q

“fat molecules” backbone is 3 carbon sugar- glycerol; attached to each carbon is a chain of fatty acid; triglyceride.

A

Triglycerides

38
Q

function of triglycerides

A
  • energy storage

* Store at least twice the calories as other nutrients

39
Q

glycerol; attached is 2 fatty acids and then phosphorus containing group

A

Phospholipids

40
Q

having both polar and non polar regions

A

Amphipathie

41
Q

very diverse functionally (vitamins A, D, E, K are steroids)

A

Steroids

42
Q
  • estrogen, testosterone, hydrocortisone

* Steroids are like polymonomer chains

A

steroids

43
Q

polymers made from monomers called amino acids

A

Proteins

44
Q

2 amino acids attached to one another

A

Dipeptide

45
Q

Sequence of less than 50 amino acid:

A

polypeptide

46
Q

Sequence of more than 50 amino acid

A

protein

47
Q

A protein’s function is determined by its

A

shape

48
Q

A protein’s shape is determined by its

A

amino acid sequence (primary structure)

49
Q
  • Fibrous proteins
A
  • Elongate
  • Large
  • Sturdy
  • Building materials
50
Q
  • Globular proteins
A
  • Compact
  • Intricate (complicated 3d shape)
  • Fragile
  • These proteins use their shapes to interact with other chemicals
51
Q

globular proteins that act as catalysts

A

enzymes

52
Q
  1. polymers made from monomers called nucleotides
A

Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)-

53
Q
  • Single stranded
  • Uses A, C, G, U (no T in RNA)
  • Uses the pentose ribose
  • Build proteins out of amino acids
A

RNA

54
Q
  • Double stranded
  • Uses A, C, G, T (no U in DNA)
  • A & T hydrogen bond together; complementary to one another so A can’t be with G
  • Uses the pentose deoxyribose
  • Instructions for making proteins
A

DNA