structure
Anatomy
function
Physiology
hierarchy of biological order
chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system organism
the smallest unit of life
Cell
collection of cells working together
Tissue level
collection of tissues working together to perform novel activity
Organ level
collection of organs working together
Organ system
the sum of a living things chemical reactions; performed in order to acquire and utilize energy
Metabolism
the ability to recognize change (external and internal) and to react appropriately
Responsiveness
homeostasis: a state of balance, in which internal conditions change, but only within narrow limits, and despite external influence
Maintenance of homeostasis
3 function common of living things
metabolism
responsiveness
maintenance of homeostasis
to detect change in bodily function
receptor
analyze the significance of the change & formulates appropriate response(s)
control center
performs the response formulated by control center
effector
effector’s actions oppose an original change/event
negative feedback
effector’s actions enhance an original event.. platelets plugging a blood vessel hole; amped up the platelets to fix it, making it stronger
positive feedback
- water molecules stick together. Polars- electrons make one end more/less negative than the other; go to one side. Hydrogen bond
Cohesive Behavior
moderating properties. We can use water to help keep temperatures from going too high because of the cohesive behavior
Temperature
strongly resists temperature increases
High heat capacity
- absorbs lots of heat before evaporating
* Evaporative cooling- sweating cools us off
High heat of vaporization
water is a good
polar solvent that dissolves charged solutes
ionic substances that do not have hydrogen as their cation (+) or (OH-) as the anion (-) hydroxide
salts
release hydrogens when dissolved
* The greater the H+, the more acidic a solution is
Acids
accept H+ ions from solution
* The fewer the H+, the more basic (alkaline)
bases
pH level drops,
10x more acid
pH level increases
10x more basic
ph 5 to 4
10x more
ph 10 to 11
1/10x more
4 major categories of organic compounds in living things
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid
- monomers get combined into a polymer with the removal of water… water gets out, monomers come together to form polymer. O-H HO-O = H-H-O = left with O-O polymer BUILD
Dehydration synthesis-
- a polymer is broken down into monomers with the addition of water… polymer O-O; H-O-H; O-H HO-O (lysis- break) TAKE APART
Hydrolysis
carbohydrates have 1:2:1 ratios
c6 h12 O6
- monomer
- Carb monomer
- Rings of 5-6 carbons, with lots of H and O
- Cells can only take in carbs that are in this form
- EX. Glucose, fructose
Monosaccharides
- polymer
- 2 monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis (always to build things)
- EX. Sucrose, lactose, maltose
Disaccharides
- polymer
- Two main uses:
- Some are easily broken down and used for energy storage- starch (plants) glycogen (animals- muscles & liver)
- Some are difficult to break down & are used for protection- cellulose (plant cell walls) chitin (animal exoskeletons)
- Two main uses:
polysaccharides
generally non polar (uncharged). Generally insoluble in water.
lipids
“fat molecules” backbone is 3 carbon sugar- glycerol; attached to each carbon is a chain of fatty acid; triglyceride.
Triglycerides
function of triglycerides
- energy storage
* Store at least twice the calories as other nutrients
glycerol; attached is 2 fatty acids and then phosphorus containing group
Phospholipids
having both polar and non polar regions
Amphipathie
very diverse functionally (vitamins A, D, E, K are steroids)
Steroids
- estrogen, testosterone, hydrocortisone
* Steroids are like polymonomer chains
steroids
polymers made from monomers called amino acids
Proteins
2 amino acids attached to one another
Dipeptide
Sequence of less than 50 amino acid:
polypeptide
Sequence of more than 50 amino acid
protein
A protein’s function is determined by its
shape
A protein’s shape is determined by its
amino acid sequence (primary structure)
- Fibrous proteins
- Elongate
- Large
- Sturdy
- Building materials
- Globular proteins
- Compact
- Intricate (complicated 3d shape)
- Fragile
- These proteins use their shapes to interact with other chemicals
globular proteins that act as catalysts
enzymes
- polymers made from monomers called nucleotides
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)-
- Single stranded
- Uses A, C, G, U (no T in RNA)
- Uses the pentose ribose
- Build proteins out of amino acids
RNA
- Double stranded
- Uses A, C, G, T (no U in DNA)
- A & T hydrogen bond together; complementary to one another so A can’t be with G
- Uses the pentose deoxyribose
- Instructions for making proteins
DNA