Chapter 1- From Human Prehistory To The Early Civilizations Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 1- From Human Prehistory To The Early Civilizations Deck (32)
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0
Q

Homo sapiens

A

The human species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period

1
Q

Paleolithic Age

A

The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence

2
Q

Neolithic Age

A

The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaption of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished

3
Q

Neolithic Revolution

A

The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500–3500 B.C.E.

4
Q

Hunting and Gathering

A

Means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaption of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organization

5
Q

Bronze Age

A

From about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it

6
Q

Slash and burn agriculture

A

A system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted

7
Q

Bands

A

A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis

8
Q

Çatal Hüyük

A

Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population then Jericho, had a greater degree of social stratification

9
Q

Civilization

A

Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups

10
Q

Cuneiform

A

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets

11
Q

Nomads

A

Cattle– and sheep– herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as “barbarian” by civilized societies

12
Q

Mesopotamia

A

Literally “between the rivers”; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plan of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys

13
Q

Sumerians

A

People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city states

14
Q

Ziggurats

A

Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes

15
Q

City-states

A

A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king

16
Q

Babylonian empire

A

Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B .C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E.

17
Q

Hammurabi

A

The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law

18
Q

Pharaoh

A

Title of kings of ancient Egypt

19
Q

Pyramids

A

Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs

20
Q

Kush

A

An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries

21
Q

Indus River valley

A

River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization

22
Q

Harappa

A

Along with Mohenjo-daro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern

23
Q

Mohenjo-daro

A

Along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern

24
Q

Yellow River

A

Also known as Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China

25
Q

Ideographic writing

A

Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing

26
Q

Shang

A

First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bend

27
Q

Phoenicians

A

Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean

28
Q

Monotheism

A

The exclusive worship of a single God; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization

29
Q

Harappan civilization

A

First civilization of Indian subcontinent; emerged in Indus River Valley c. 2500 B.C.E.

30
Q

Loess

A

Fine grained soil deposited in Ordos bend by winds from central Asia; created fertile soil for sedentary agricultural communities

31
Q

Mandate of Heavan

A

The divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang