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PSYCH 258 > Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What does cognition involve?

A

perception
paying attention
remembering
distinguishing items in a category
visualizing
understanding and production of language
problem solving
reasoning and decision making

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2
Q

How is cognition invisible?

A

a lot of times, we are not even aware of inner workings of the mind

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3
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind

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4
Q

What is cognition?

A

refers to the mental processes, such as perception, attention, and memory, that are what the mind creates

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5
Q

What is the mind?

A

is involved in forming and recalling memories

solves problems, considers possibilities, makes decisions

helps us to survive and function normally

is a symbol of creativity and intelligence

creates representations of the world so we can act in it

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6
Q

What was Donders (1868) reaction time experiment?

A

measured how long it takes a person to make a decision

measures interval between stimulus presentation and person’s response to stimulus

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7
Q

What is a simple reaction time task?

A

participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears

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8
Q

What is a choice reaction time task?

A

participant pushes one button if light is on right side, another if light is on left side

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9
Q

What was found when choice reaction time and simple reaction time were compared?

A

choice RT - simple RT = time to make a decision

choice RT = 1/10th sec longer than simple RT (usually 200-300ms)

choice RT is longer as it takes 1/10th second to make a decision

mental responses cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from the participants behavior

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10
Q

What was Ebbinghaus (1885/1913) study on memory and forgetting?

A

read list of nonsense syllables aloud to determine number of repetitions necessary to repeat list without errors

after taking a break, he relearned the list

short break intervals: fewer repetitions necessary to relearn list

learned many different lists at many different retention intervals

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11
Q

What was Ebbinghaus’ idea of savings?

A

savings = (original time to learn list) - (time to relearn list after delay)

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12
Q

What is a savings curve?

A

savings curve shows savings as a function of retention interval

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13
Q

Who was Wundt (1879)?

A

established first scientific psychology lab at University of Leipzig, Germany

developed approach called structuralism

used method of analytic introspection

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14
Q

What was Wundt’s idea of structuralism?

A

overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience called sensations

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15
Q

What was Wundt’s method of analytic introspection?

A

participants trained to describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

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16
Q

What were William James’s principles of psychology?

A

James was an early American psychologist who taught the first psychology course at Harvard

observations based on the functions of his own mind, not experiments

considered many topics in cognition, including thinking, consciousness, attention, memory, perception, imagination, and reasoning

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17
Q

What were John Watson’s problems with the analytic introspection method?

A

extremely variable results per person

results difficult to verify due to focus on invisible inner mental processes

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18
Q

What was John Watson’s behaviorism approach?

A

eliminate the mind as a topic of study

instead, study directly observable behavior

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19
Q

What was Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment?

A

9 month old Albert became frightened by a rat after a loud noise was paired with every presentation of the rat

examined how pairing one stimulus with another affected behavior

demonstrated that behavior can be analyzed without any reference to the mind

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20
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

“Little Albert” experiment used classical conditioning methods

pair a neutral event with an event that naturally produces some outcome

after many pairings, the “neutral” event now also produces the outcome

Watson’s experiment was inspired by Pavlov’s research with dogs

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21
Q

What is B.F. Skinner’s views of conditioning and behaviorism?

A

interested in determining the relationship between stimuli and response

operant conditioning

behaviorism approach was dominant from the 1940s through the 1960s

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22
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

shape behavior by rewards or punishments

rewarded behavior more likely to be repeated

punished behavior less likely to be repeated

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23
Q

What was Tolman’s (1938) experiment about rats in a maze?

A

trained rats to find food in a four-armed maze

when a rat was placed in a different arm of the maze, it went to the specific arm where it previously found food

Tolman believed the rat had created a cognitive map, a representation of the maze in its mind

the map helped the rat navigate to a specific arm despite starting the maze from a different spot

rejected the behaviorist perspective for the rat’s actions

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24
Q

What was Skinner’s (1957) idea about verbal behavior and language acquisition?

A

argued children learn language through operant conditioning

children imitate speech they hear

correct speech is rewarded

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25
Q

What was Chomsky’s (1959) idea about verbal behavior and language acquisition?

A

argued that children do not only learn language through imitation and reinforcement

children say things they have never heard and cannot be imitating

children say things that are incorrect and have not been rewarded for

language must be determined by an inborn biological program

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26
Q

How do we study and understand complex cognitive behaviors?

A

measure observable behavior

make inferences about underlying cognitive activity

consider what this behavior says about how the mind works

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27
Q

What was the cognitive revolution?

A

a shift in psychology from the behaviorist’s focus on stimulus-response relationships to an approach whose main thrust was to understand the operation of the mind

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28
Q

What is a scientific revolution?

A

a shift from one paradigm to another, where a paradigm is a system of ideas that dominate science at a particular time

a scientific revolution, therefore, involves a paradigm shift

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29
Q

What is the information-processing approach?

A

way to study the mind based on insights associated with the digital computer

states that operation of the mind occurs in stages

30
Q

What was Cherry’s (1953) study on “dichotic listening”?

A

present message A in left ear and message B in right ear

to ensure attention, shadow one message (repeat it back)

participants were able to focus only on the message they were shadowing

subjects could understand details of message A despite also hearing message B

31
Q

What is Broadbent’s (1958) flow diagram?

A

developed a flow diagram to show what occurs as a person directs attention to one stimulus

unattended information does not pass through the filter

flow diagram representing what happens as a person directs attention to one stimulus

unattended information does not pass through the filter

32
Q

What is the Arkinson and Shiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory?

A

sensory memory (less than 1 second)

short-term memory (a few seconds, limited capacity)

long-term memory (long duration, high capacity)

information we remember is brough from long-term memory into short-term memory

33
Q

What are the three components of long-term memory?

A

episodic: life events

semantic: facts

procedural: physical actions

34
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

studies the behavior of people with brain damage

35
Q

What is electrophysiology?

A

studies electrical responses of the nervous system including brain neurons

36
Q

Mind

A

system that creates mental representations of the world and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language deciding, thinking and reasoning

37
Q

Cognition

A

the mental processes involves in perception, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning and decision making

38
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mental processes involved in perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning and decision making

is concerned with the scientific study of the mind and mental processes

39
Q

Reaction Time

A

the time it takes to react to a stimulus, this is usually determined by measuring the time between presentation of a stimulus and response to the stimulus

examples of responses are pushing a button, saying a word, moving the eyes and the appearance of a particular brain wave

40
Q

Simple Reaction Time

A

reacting to the presence or absence of a simple stimulus (as opposed to having to choose between a number of stimuli before making a response)

41
Q

Choice Reaction Time

A

time to respond to one of two or more stimuli

for example, in the Donders experiment, subjects had to make one response to one stimulus and a different response to another stimulus

42
Q

Structuralism

A

an approach to psychology that explained perception as the adding up of small elementary units called sensations

43
Q

Analytic Introspection

A

a procedure used by early psychologists in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

44
Q

Savings

A

measure used by Ebbinghaus to determine the magnitude of memory left from initial learning

higher savings indicate greater memory

45
Q

Savings Curve

A

plot of savings versus time after original learning

46
Q

What was the procedure Donders used?

A

simple reaction time versus choice reaction time

47
Q

What were the results and conclusions of Donders?

A

choice reaction time takes 1/10 seconds longer; therefore, it takes 1/10 seconds to make a decision

48
Q

What was the contribution that Donders made?

A

first cognitive psychology experiment

49
Q

What was the procedure Wundt used?

A

analytic introspection

50
Q

What were the results and conclusions of Wundt?

A

no reliable results

51
Q

What was the contribution that Wundt made?

A

established the first laboratory of scientific psychology

52
Q

What was the procedure Ebbinghaus used?

A

savings method to measure forgetting

53
Q

What were the results and conclusions of Ebbinghaus?

A

forgetting occurs rapidly in the first 1 to 2 days after original learning

54
Q

What was the contribution that Ebbinghaus made?

A

quantitative measurement of mental processes

55
Q

What was the procedure James used?

A

no experiments; reported observations of his own experience

56
Q

What were the results and conclusions of James?

A

descriptions of a wide range of experiences

57
Q

What was the contribution that James made?

A

first psychology textbook; some of his observations are still valid today

58
Q

Behaviorism

A

the approach to psychology, founded by John Watson, which states that observable behavior provides the only valid data for psychology

a consequence of this idea is that consciousness and unobservable mental processes are not considered worthy of study by psychologists

59
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

a procedure in which pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response

60
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

type of conditioning championed by Skinner, which focuses on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers, or withdrawal of negative reinforcers

61
Q

Cognitive Map

A

mental conception of a spatial layout

62
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A

a shift in psychology, beginning in the late 1950’s, from the behaviorist approach to an approach in which the main thrust was to explain behavior in terms of the mind

one of the outcomes of the cognitive revolution was the introduction of the information-processing approach to studying the mind

63
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

occurs when there is a shift in thinking from one scientific paradigm to another

64
Q

Paradigm

A

a system of ideas, which guide thinking in a particular field

65
Q

Paradigm Shift

A

a shift in thinking from one paradigm to another

66
Q

Information Processing Approach

A

the approach to psychology, developed beginning in the 1950’s, in which the mind is described as processing information through a sequence of stages

67
Q

Artificial Intelligence

A

the ability of a computer to perform tasks usually associated with human intelligence

68
Q

Neuropsychology

A

the study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans

69
Q

Electrophysiology

A

techniques used to measure electrical responses of the nervous system

70
Q

Brain Imaging

A

technique such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that results in images of the brain that represent brain activity

in cognitive psychology, activity is measured in response to specific cognitive tasks

PSYCH 258 (13 decks)

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