^ Chapter 1 - Introduction to Molecular Regulation and Signaling Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in ^ Chapter 1 - Introduction to Molecular Regulation and Signaling Deck (27)
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0
Q

PAX6 transcription factors

A
  • Partisapates in pancreas, eye, and neural tube development

- Contains 3 separate enhancers, each of whoch regulates the gene expression in the appropriate tissue

1
Q

The promotor region where the RNA polymerase binds, usually contains the sequence…

A

TATA, and this site is called the TATA box

2
Q

Silencers

A

Enhancers that inhibit transcription

3
Q

SJEKK om det stemmer med det som staar i boka!!!!

Why is nRNA longer than mRNA?

A

Because nRNA contains introns that are spliced out (removed)(?)

4
Q

Paracrine interactions

A

Proteins synthesized by one cell diffuse over short distances to interact with other cells

5
Q

Juxtacrine

A

Do not involve diffusable proteins

6
Q

Paracrine signaling=

A

Paracrine factors = Growth and differentiation factors (GDFs)

7
Q

Notch receptor protein binds to:

A
  • delta protein
  • serrate protein
  • jagged protein
8
Q

The milieu consists of large molecules secreted by cells including:

A
  • collagen
  • proteoglycans (chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
  • glycoproteins (e.g fibronectin and laminin)
9
Q

What forms scaffolds for cell migration?

A

fibronectin molecules

10
Q

integrins

A

receptors that link extracellular molecules such as fibronectin and laminin

11
Q

GDFs

A
  • fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
  • WNT
  • hedgehog
  • transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B)
12
Q

FGF

A

important for

  • angiogenesis
  • axon growth
  • mesoderm differentiation
13
Q

FGF 8

A

important for development of the limbs and parts of the brain

14
Q

Tyrosin receptor kinases =

A

fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs

15
Q

What does the hedgehog gene code for?

A

It codes for a pattern of bristles on the leg of Drosophila

16
Q

the 3 hedgehog genes:

A
  1. Desert
  2. Indian
  3. Sonic hedgehog
17
Q

Sonic hedgehog involve in the developmental events including:

A
  • Limb patterning
  • Meutral tube induction and patterning
  • Somite differentiation
  • Gut regionalization
18
Q

Patched

A
  • Receptor for the hedgehog family

- Binds to a protein called Smoothened

19
Q

How many WNT are they?

A

15

20
Q

Frizzled family

A

where the receptor of the WNT belongs to

21
Q

WNT

A

Involved in regulating:

  • Limb patterning
  • Midbrain development
  • Some aspects of somite and urogenital differentiation among other actions
22
Q

TGF-B

A
  • Bone morphogenic proteins
  • Activin family
  • Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF, anti-Mullerian hormone)
23
Q

BMP

A

Induces bone formation

Involved in regulating cell division, cell death (apoptosis) and cell migration

24
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Serotonin

Norepinephrine

25
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Appears to play a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the interdigital spaces and in other cell types

26
Q

Serotonin (5HT)

A

Important for establishing laterality, gastrulation, heart development, and other processes during early stages of development