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Chapter 1 Radiographic Positioning and Anatomy Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Supine

A
  • lying on back
  • facing upwards
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2
Q

define Prone

A
  • lying on the abdomen
  • facing downwards
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3
Q

define Erect

A
  • upright position
  • standing or sitting
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4
Q

define Recumbent

A
  • lying down in any position
  • prone, supine, or on the side
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5
Q

define Dorsal Recumbent

A
  • lying on back
  • supine
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6
Q

define Ventral Recumbent

A
  • lying face down
  • prone
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7
Q

define lateral recumbent

A
  • lying on the side
  • right or left lateral
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8
Q

define Trendelenburg

A
  • recumbent position
  • tilted
  • head lower than the feet
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9
Q

define Fowler’s/Reverse Trendelenburg

A
  • recumbent position
  • tilted
  • head higher than the feet
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10
Q

define Sims position

A
  • recumbent oblique
  • lying on the left anterior side
  • right knee and thigh flexed
  • left arm extended down behind the back
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11
Q

define Lithotomy

A
  • a recumbent (supine)
  • hip flexed
  • knees and thigh abducted
  • rotated externally
  • supported by ankle supports
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12
Q

when are lithotomy positions used?

A

the lithotomy position is used in surgical sites when dealing with urinary studies

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13
Q

define position

A

refer to a specific body position described by the body part closest to the IR (imaging radiation) or by the surface on which the patient is lying (decubitus)

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14
Q

define lateral position

A
  • refers to the side of or a side view
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15
Q

define right lateral

A
  • the right side of the body closest to the IR
  • erect position
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16
Q

define an oblique position

A
  • an angled position
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17
Q

define specific lateral position

A
  • the body that is closest to the IR
  • body part from which the CR exists
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18
Q

what factors make a true lateral position?

A
  • always 90 degrees
  • perpendicular
  • right angle
  • true AP or PA
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19
Q

define LPO

A
  • left posteriori oblique
  • can be both erect or recumbent
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20
Q

define RPO

A
  • right posterior oblique
  • can be both erect or recumbent
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21
Q

define LAO

A
  • left anterior oblique
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22
Q

define RAO

A
  • right anterior oblique
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23
Q

define decubitus

A
  • to lie down
  • always performed with a CR horizontal
  • dorsal
  • ventral
  • lateral
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24
Q

what is the decubitus position used for?

A
  • detecting air fluid
  • free air in the body cavity
  • detected in the abdomen or chest
  • usually performed if the patient cannot be erect
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25
define left lateral decubitus
- laying on your left side - the beam is shot horizontally (stomach or back)
26
define right lateral decubitus
- laying down on your right side - the beam is shot horizontally
27
define dorsal decubitus
- laying down, face up (supine) - the beam is shot horizontally (hip/side)
28
define ventral decubitus
- laying down, face down (prone) - the beam is shot horizontally (hip/side)
29
define projections
- positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR of the X-ray beam as it passes through the patient - how the procedure is performed
30
define PA projection
- also known as posteroanterior - posterior to anterior - the CR enters the posterior surface - exists in the anterior surface
31
define a true PA projection
- the CR is perpendicular to the coronal plane - the CR is parallel to the saggital plane - no rotation, unless it's an oblique projection
32
define AP projection
- anteroposterior - anterior to posterior - the CR enters the anterior surface - exists the posterior surface
33
define a true AP projection
- no rotation, unless it's described as an oblique projection
34
define AP oblique projection
- not a true AP projection - it must include the positioning (medial or lateral rotation) - CR enters the anterior surface - CR exits the posterior surface - Ex.) on the foot, it enters through the dorsum of the foot (top of the foot), and exits through the plantar
35
define PA oblique projection
- not a true PA projection - must include the positioning (medial or lateral rotation) - CR enters the posterior surface - CR exits the anterior surface - Ex.) in the hand, it enters in the dorsum (behind the palm) and exits through the palmar
36
define mediolateral projection
- determined in anatomical position - CR enters in the medial surface - CR exits the lateral surface
37
define lateromedial projection
- determined in anatomical position - CR enters the lateral surface - CR exits the medial surface
38
define Axial projection
- directed to, or parallel to, the long axis of the body or part - angled
39
define inferosuperior axial projection
- performed for the shoulder or hip - CR enters through the inferior surface - CR exits through the superior surface
40
define superoinferior axial projection
- performed for the nasal bone - CR enters the superior surface - CR exits the inferior surface
41
define tangential projection
- touching a curve or surface at only one point - CR skims the body part - avoids the bigger picture, looks only for the little details - Ex.) zygomatic bone or patella
42
define AP lordotic position
- AP axial chest projection - the long axis of the body is angled - curvature of the cervical and lumbar spine - torso is curved forward
43
define transthoracic lateral projection
- lateral projection through the thorax - requires a positioning (right or left lateral) - examines the shoulder - right or left transthoracic lateral shoulder - CR passes through the thorax
44
define dorsoplantar
- also known as DP - CR from the dorsal (anterior) surface to the plantar (posterior) surface of the foot
45
define plantodorsal
- also known as PD - CR enters the plantar (posterior) surface to the dorsal (anterior) surface
46
define the parietocanthial projection
- CR enters the cranial parietal bone - CR exits the acanthion (between the nose and upper lip) - also known as PA waters
47
define acanthioparietal projection
- CR enters the acanthion (between the nose and the upper lip) - CR exists the cranial parietal bone - also known as AP waters
48
What is another name for parietocanthial projection?
- PA waters - used to visualize the facial bones
49
what is another name for acanthioparietal projection?
- AP waters - used to visualize the facial bones
50
define submentovertical
- also known as SMV - CR enters the below the chin/mentum - CR exits at the vertex or top of the skull
51
define verticosubmental
- also known as VSM - CR enters at the top of the skull/vertex - CR exits below the chin/mentum
52
what are submentovertical and verticosubmental used for?
- used for the skull and mandible
53
define body habitus
- the build, and the general shape of the human body
54
what are the four classes of body habitus?
- Sthenic - Hyposthenic - Hypersthenic - Asthenic
55
define sthenic
- 50% of the population falls into this category - considered average in shape and internal organ location
56
define Hyposthenic
- a body style that is more slender - 35% of the population
57
define hypersthenic
- a body style with a broad frame - 5% of the population
58
define Asthenic
- very thin or slender with a long and narrow body - 10% of the population
59
How is the IR (image receptor) adjusted when dealing with someone who is hyposthenic or asthenic?
- the IR is placed in a portrait (lengthwise) position - this is due to the lungs being longer
60
How is the IR (image receptor) adjusted when dealing with someone who is hypersthenic?
- the IR is placed in a landscape (crosswise) position - this is due to the lungs being shorter and broad
61
How is the IR (image receptor) adjusted when dealing with someone who is Sthenic?
- the IR can be portrait or landscape - depends on the patient's age, height, and pathology
62
define radiograph
- an image of a patient's anatomic parts with the use of x-rays on an image receptor
63
define radiography
- the process and procedures of producing a radiograph
64
define image receptor (IR)
- the device that captures the radiographic image
65
define Central Ray (CR)
- the center most portion of the x-ray beam emitted from the x-ray tube
66
what are the examination procedure steps?
1. positioning of the body part and alignment with the CR and IR 2. application of radiation protection measures (shielding) 3. selection of exposure factors on the control panel 4. instructions to the patient 5. processing the IR
67
define anatomic position
- reference position - defines specific surfaces and planes of the body - upright position - arms are abducted slightly - palms forward - head and feet directed straight ahead
68
What are the three body planes?
- sagittal - coronal/frontal - transverse/ Horizontal (axial) plane
69
define sagittal plane
- divides the body into left and right
70
define coronal/frontal plane
- divides the body into front and back
71
define transverse/horizontal (axis) plane
- divides the body into up and down
72
define oblique plane
- dividing the body in a diagonal angle
73
define base plane of the skull
- transverse plane - infraorbital to the base of the skull (near lamboid suture)
74
what is another name for the Base plane of the skull
- also known as Frankfort horizontal plane
75
define occlusal plane
- horizontal plane - by the biting surface of the upper and lower teeth
76
define posterior/dorsal
- back half of the body
77
define ventral/anterior
- front half of the body
78
define projection
- a positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam
79
what are some types of projections?
- AP/PA - AP oblique/ PA oblique - mediolateral/lateromedial
80
define positions
- describes the general body position - the specific body position
81
define cephalad
- also known as cephalic - closer to the head - superior
82
define caudad
- also known as the caudal - closer to the feet or tail - away from the head - inferior
83
define proximal
- closer to the attachment/trunk - near the source
84
define distal
- further from the attachment/trunk - away form the source
85
define superficial
- nearer to the skin/surface
86
define plantar
- sole - posterior of the foot
87
define dorsal (foot)
- top or anterior surface of the foot - dorsum pedis
88
define dorsal (hand)
- back or posterior surface of the hand
89
define palmar
- palm of the hand - anterior portion of the hand
90
define medial
- closest to the midline of the body - inner portion - closer to the body
91
define lateral
- away from the body - away from the midline
92
define caudad angle
- any angle toward the feet - away form the head
92
define cephalad angle
- any angle toward the head end of the body
93
define interior
- inside something - nearer to the center
94
define exterior
- outside of something - further from the center
95
define the prefix intra-
- within or inside
96
define the prefix inter-
- between things
97
define the prefix exo-
- outside or outward
98
define deep
- farther away from the surface/skin
99
define ipsilateral
- same side of the body or part
100
define contralateral
- on the opposite side of the body or part
101
define flexion
- decreases the angle
102
define extension
- increases the angle
103
define hyperextension
- extending a joint beyond the straight or neutral position - going backwards/ posterior - Ex. examining a ring on your hand
104
define dorsiflexion
- backward or posterior flexion - ex. lifting your toes to face your shin
105
define acute flexion
- flexion of the wrist - curving inwards into the body
106
define ulnar deviation
- turn or bend the hand and wrist to the direction of the ulna - pinky - medial side
107
define radial deviation
- turn or bend the hand and wrist to the direction of the radius - thumb - lateral side
108
define dorsiflexion (of the foot)
- decreasing the angle - moving the toes upward to the shin
109
define plantar flexion
- extending the angle joint - moving the foot downwards to the floor - toes facing down
110
define eversion
- outward stress movement - moving laterally
111
define inversion
- inward stress movement - moving medially
112
define medial rotation
- rotating medially - rotating inward - toward the midline
113
define lateral rotation
- rotating laterally - rotating outwards - away from the midline
114
define abduction
- lateral movement away from the body - for fingers and toes, spreading them apart
115
define adduction
- movement toward the body - towards the center - for fingers and toes, moving them toward each other
116
define supination
- rotation where palms are facing up
117
define pronation
- rotating where palms are facing downward
118
define protraction
- movement forward
119
define retraction
- movement backward
120
define elevation
- lifting, raising, or moving superiorly
121
define depression
- letting down, lowering, moving inferiorly
122
define circumduction
- move around forming a circle
123
define rotation
- turn or rotate a body part on its axis
124
define tilt
- slanting or tilting movement

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