Chapter 1 terms Flashcards
Canadian shield
Zone undergirded by ancient rock probably the first part of what became the North American landmass to have emerged above sea level.
Context: The world was one super continent, and the earths cross moved to form mountain ranges, and eventually north America.
Incas
Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present day, Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532 the Incas develop sophisticated agricultural techniques
context: there was a land bridge connecting Eurasia with North America Ice Age melted and hid land bridge
Aztecs
Native American Empire that controlled present day Mexico until 1521. Systems and trade math, writing human sacrifices.
Nation states
A political unit where the state and nation are in harmony. Context; Aztecs had great nation states stinks to agriculture.
Pueblo Indians
Native American people from south west United States. Known for living in permanent homes called Pueblo or village
Cahokia
Large pre-Colombian native American city located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri. Largest/most complex settlement north of Mexico.
Three sister farming
Native American Edgar, cultural practice were corn beans and squash were planted together to benefit each other. Context; cultivation of beans, corn and squash came to Southeast America and 1000 CE.
Middlemen
Dealers in trade who operate between original producers of goods and retail merchants. Context; by time merchants from Indonesia spice Island got to Venice or Genoa European consumers/distributors wanted less expensive route to riches of Asia. 
Caravel
Ship, sale and wind, allowing Europe sailors to explore shores of Africa. Explorers were… Well exploring. Like Marco Polo. The European sailors refused to sell south along West Africa because of the wins. So the Portuguese created the caravel.
Plantation
Large scale, agricultural enterprise, growing commercial crops and employing caressed or slave labor. Established by Europeans and Africa, South America and Caribbean. Context; Portuguese set up trading posts and bought slaves and set up their own system, and since slaves work in sugar plantations. 
Colombian exchange
The effect of new plus old world transfer of goods craps disease after 1492 context; there were lots of text/science and novations Columbus sailed in 1492 to the Bahamas that he mistaken for the Indies
Treaty of tordesillas
1494, divided territories of the New World. Signed by Spain and Portugal. Spain got land in the Americas, Portugal got land in Africa/Asia. Context; Columbus came back, wealthy, disease spread, people want to riches like silver/gold in the Americas.
Conquistadors
16th century Spaniards to spread across the Americas. Colorado to Argentina. Eventually conquered Aztec/Incan empires. Context; treaty of tordesillas 1494= Spain was very wealthy and had the mindset of God and glory. 
Encomienda
Spanish government policy to commend/give Indians to certain colonist in return for promise to Christianize them. Part of Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes and West Indies and North America. Basically slavery. Context; the West Indies served as basis for Spanish invasion of the Americas, supplies could be stored and people could rest before conquest. The small native community was vulnerable and was used to test techniques to subdue civilizations and Mexico/Peru.
Noche triste
June 30 1520, sad night, Aztec attacked Hernan Cortez and his forces and Aztec capital Tenochilàn, killing hundreds. Cortes Sieged the city the next year, causing fall of Aztec empire. Contacts; Spaniards arrived in valley of Mexico and were in awe. they got hungry for gold/power. 
Mesitzos
People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico. Context; after Noche trite a Spanish/disease took over them and intermarried (gross.)
Black legend
False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold and name of Christ. Context; all the missed deeds of the Spanish in the New World, despite their achievements.
Ferdinand and Isabella
King/Queen of Spain from 14 97–15 04/1516. Isabella‘s marriage unified Spain. Financed Columbus.
Christopher Columbus
14 51–15 06, Italian Explorer, discovered the Americas, even though he thought they were the Indies
Bartolome de las casas
1474–1566, early Spanish historian and missionary, exposed oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas
Cortes
1485–1547, let the conquest of Mexico. Born in Spain. Over through Aztec Empire.
Pizzarro
Spanish conqueror of Inca Empire, trapped the incan Emperor: Athulapa
