Chapter 1 - Transition to the Modern Period Flashcards
Define the Five Aspects of the Modern Era.
1) Politically - An Assumption of Individual Rights of Man and Contractual Government.
2) Economically - Embraces the Idea of Economic Freedom (Impossible Without #1)
3) Religiously - The Individual Has a Right to Worship as He Sees Fit. (No submission to a single religious leader such as the Pope)
4) Culturally - Farm More Rapid and Varied Artistic Styles in a Shorter Period of Time than Before. This Stems from the valuing of the individual’s opinion
5) Intellectually - Marked by the Adoption of the Scientific Method
How did Charles V humiliate the Pope?
By sacking Rome and the Vatican.
In the early 1500s who ruled the Holy Roman Empire?
Charles V.
What was the war that decimated the French, Turks, and Holy Roman Empire?
The Hapsburg-Valois-Ottoman Wars.
Who lost in the War?
The French and Ottoman Turks Were Defeated Heavily.
What battle ended the march of the Turks in the Hapsburg-Valois-Ottoman Wars?
The First Siege of Vienna.
What religious concept came from the Peace of Augsburg?
Whoever is sovereign passes their religion to the nation.
What country faced the most extreme religious transition?
France.
What was the group of French Protestants that made up approximately 1/3 of the French population?
The Huguenots
What Happened on St. Bartholomew’s Day in 1572?
French Crowds and Soldiers Murdered Thousands of Huguenots who were in the city for a royal wedding.
What did the pope do the day after the massive slaughter of Huguenots?
Issued a coin praising France for the Slaughter of the Huguenots.
Who is though to have masterminded the massacre?
1) Queen Mother Catherine De Medici
2) The Guise Family
Who took the French throne after the massacre and why was he controversial?
Henry IV. He was a Calvinist who converted to Catholicism in order to maintain the throne.
What did Henry IV urge do to religious tolerance in France?
He encourage limited toleration to the Huguenots.
What was the title given to the emerging bureaucrats in the Nation-State of France?
The Politique
What act gave some tolerance to the beliefs of French Huguenots?
The Edict of Nantes.
What groups were not protected by the Edict of Nantes?
Radical groups like the Jansenists.
Who was the major world power in the 16th century?
Spain.
What treaty gave Portugal control of Brazil?
the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Name a Spanish Conquistador who was disgraced for not finding cities of gold?
Christopher Columbus.
How did a Conquistador beat armies of 100,000+ warriors in the New World?
1) The Western Way of War
2) To a Lesser Extent a Technological Difference.
Define the Western Way of War.
One decisive action with full force to decapitate an army with one attack.
Define how the Aztecs fought wars.
Long and drawn out in order to maximize the amount of human sacrifices they could make.
How many times did Cortez escape Aztec capture?
Three times.
What did Spain use the new found gold to do?
Build new churches such as Saint Pete’s Basilica or the Great Cathedral of Cordoba,
How did the King of Spain treat the newly found land?
He allowed those who conquered the land to administer it and own it.
How were the native populations of the New World administered by the Spanish?
The encomienda system.
Describe the encomienda system.
Natives were required to work the lands and supply a certain amount of gold. If natives didn’t they faced maiming or execution.
Where did the Spanish extend their control in the later half of the 16th century?
The Lowlands. (Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and parts of France.)
In what war did the Dutch resist Spanish control?
The 80 Years War
Why were the Dutch unable to permanently remove the Spanish?
They were unable to have a central figure who could unite them.
Who did the Dutch even ask to lead them?
Elizabeth I (The Queen of England.)
What was the Spanish Fury?
When the Spanish soldiers took their pay from the Dutch when the Spanish government was bankrupt.
When did the Dutch gain their independence?
1648.
Who was the King of Spain during the 16th Century?
Phillip II.
Who was Phillip II the son of
Charles.
Which Spanish King claimed Portugal as his own?
Phillip II.
In what battle did the Spanish join the Pope to defeat the Turks in 1571?
The Battle of Lepanto.
What Battle marked the start of the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
The Battle of Lepanto.
What caused there to be confusion as to the next heir of the English throne?
Henry VIII search for a male heir.
What is the child that Henry VIII and Catherine had?
Mary.
What was Mary’s faith?
Catholic.
Who did Henry VIII marry after divorcing his wife Catherine?
Anne Boleyn.
What child did Anne Boleyn bear with Henry VIII?
Elizabeth.
