Chapter 10

Question 1

Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and stimulate neurons to send nerve impulses to the brain. Sensory receptors are one of two categories: ___________ or _________.

Answer 1

General Senses
Special Senses

Question 2

________ Receptors: Changes in chemical concentration

Answer 2

Chemoreceptors

Question 3

_________ Receptors: Tissue damage

Answer 3

Pain Receptors

Question 4

_________ Receptors: Temperature changes

Answer 4

Thermoreceptors

Question 5

_________ Receptors: Changes in pressure or movement

Answer 5

Mechanoreceptors

Question 6

________ Receptors: Changes in light energy

Answer 6

Photoreceptors

Question 7

A __________ occurs when the brain becomes aware of a stimulus, and a _________ is a feeling that occurs when the brain interprets sensory impulses.

Answer 7

Sensation
Perception

Question 8

What does the term projection mean when referring to the brain and sensations? ______________

Answer 8

Projection is when the brain sends sensations back to its point of origin so the body can pinpoint the area of stimulation

Question 9

During sensory ____________, sensory impulses are sent at decreasing rates until receptors fail to send impulses unless there is a change in strength of the stimulus.

Answer 9

Sensory Adaptation

Question 10

Free _______ of sensory nerve fibers in the epithelial tissues are associated with touch and pressure.

Answer 10

Nerve Endings

Question 11

__________ or _________ corpuscles are flattened connective tissue sheaths surrounding two or more nerve fibers and are abundant in hairless areas that are very sensitive to touch, like the lips.

Answer 11

Tactile or Meissner’s

Question 12

_________ or __________ corpuscles are large structures of connective tissue and cells that resemble the layers of an onion. They detect deep pressure

Answer 12

Lamellated or Pacinian

Question 13

Temperature receptors include two groups of free nerve endings: __________ receptors and _________ receptors, each of which works best within a specific range of temperatures. Both types of receptors adapt quickly. Temperatures above 45C C and below 100 C stimulate pain receptors.

Answer 13

Warm and Cold

Question 14

Pain receptors consist of ___________ nerve endings that are stimulated when tissues are damaged. Do they adapt easily? _______

Answer 14

Free
______

Question 15

________ pain occurs because of the common nerve pathways leading from skin and internal organs. An example would be a heart attack being felt as pain in the arm or as heartburn.

Answer 15

Referred

Question 16

What is the difference between acute and chronic pain? How do their neurons differ?

Answer 16

Acute pain fibers are myleniated fibers that carry impulses rapidly, cease when the stimulus stops and are usually senses as coming from the skin

Chronic pain fibers are unmyleinated fibers that conduct impulses slowly, produce a dull, achy sensation that is difficult to localize and continue sending impulses after the stimulus stops. Usually sensed as coming from deep tissues

Question 17

A person becomes aware of pain when impulses reach the __________ in the brain, but the __________ cortex judges the intensity and location of the pain.

Answer 17

Thalamus
Cerebral Cortex

Question 18

Other areas of the brain regulate the flow of pain impulses from the spinal cord and can trigger the release of chemicals called ___________ and the biogenic amine, ___________, which inhibit the release of pain impulses in the spinal cord.

Question 19

Other chemicals called _____________ released in the brain provide natural pain control.

Answer 19

Endorphins

Question 20

What type of receptor are the olfactory receptors? _______ Where are they located? _______

Answer 20

Chemoreceptors
Nose

Question 21

The receptor cells are ___________ neurons with hairlike ___________ covering the dendrites. The cilia project into the __________ cavity.

Question 22

When olfactory receptors are stimulated, their fibers synapse with neurons in the __________ lying on either side of the crista galli.

Answer 22

Olfactory Bulbs

Question 23

Sensory impulses are first analyzed in the olfactory bulbs, then travel along olfactory ________ to the limbic system, and lastly to the olfactory ___________ within the temporal lobes.

Answer 23

Tracts
__________

Question 24

Do olfactory receptors adapt easily? _______

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

__________ _________ are the organs of taste and are located within projections called __________ on the tongue.

Answer 25

Taste Buds Papillae

Question 26

Taste cells (gustatory cells) are modified _______________ cells that function as receptors.

Answer 26

Epithelial

Question 27

Taste cells contain taste _____________ that are the portions sensitive to taste. These protrude from openings called taste __________.

Answer 27

Hairs Pores

Question 28

What has to happen to chemicals before they can be tasted (or smelled)? _______

Answer 28

They must dissolve in liquids

Question 29

How many types of taste receptors are there believed to be? _______

Answer 29

Five

Question 30

Do taste receptors easily adapt? _______

Question 31

Taste impulses travel on which three cranial nerves?

Answer 31

Facial Glossopharyngeal Vagus

Question 32

Taste impulses travel to the _________ __________ in the brainstem and then to the gustatory cortex of the ______________.

Answer 32

Medulla Oblongata Parietal Lobe of the Cerebellum

Question 33

The external ear consists of the ____________, which collects the sound, and the ________ _______ ________, the canal which transports sound waves toward the middle ear.

Answer 33

Auricle External Acoustic Meatus

Question 34

The middle ear begins with the eardrum, called the ____________, and is an air-filled space (tympanic cavity) housing the tiny bones called the _________ _________.

Answer 34

Tympanic Membrane Auditory Ossicles

Question 35

What are the names of the three bones? _______

Answer 35

Malleus Incus Stapes

Question 36

What happens when the eardrum vibrates against the first of the three bones? ______________

Answer 36

The malleus then vibrates the incus which vibrates the stapes

Question 37

What opening does the last of the bones lie against? _________________________________

Answer 37

Oval Window

Question 38

The ____________, or ___________, tube connects the middle ear to the throat, to help maintain equal air pressure on both sides of the eardrum.

Answer 38

Auditory or Eustachian tube

Question 39

The inner ear is made up of a ______________labyrinth inside a/an _____________ labyrinth.

Answer 39

Membranous Bony

Question 40

Between the two labyrinths is a fluid called ____________________.

Answer 40

Perilymph

Question 41

__________ is the fluid inside the inner labyrinth.

Answer 41

Endolymph

Question 42

Within the cochlea, the oval window leads to the upper compartment, called the ________ the lower chamber is called the _________ __________.

Answer 42

Scala Vestibuli Scala Tympani

Question 43

The scala vestibuli is separated from the cochlear duct by the ___________ membrane.

Answer 43

Vestibular Membrane

Question 44

The cochlear duct is the middle compartment; it is separated from the lower one by a membrane called the ___________ membrane.

Answer 44

Basilar Membrane

Question 45

The ___________ organ, or Organ of _________, lies on this membrane. It contains receptors called _________ cells.

Answer 45

Spiral Organ, or Organ of Corti Hair Cells

Question 46

The stiff, partial, overhanging membrane in which the ends of these hair cells are embedded, is called the _________ membrane.

Answer 46

Tectorial

Question 47

The __________ funnels the sound as air waves into the _________ _______ _________, which channels it to the eardrum, called the ____________.

Question 48

This membrane vibrates, converting the impulses to mechanical waves. This moves the three auditory ossicles, which are (in order) the _________ _______and _________.

Question 49

Moving the ossicles amplifies the sound. The last one, the ____________, sends sound vibrations to the _________ window of the inner ear.

Question 50

This sets up waves in the fluid of the inner ear, and causes the flexible lower membrane, called the __________, to move.

Question 51

The spiral organ rests on this membrane, so it also moves, causing the ___________ cells to bend because they are also embedded in the stiff ___________ membrane.

Question 52

The sense of equilibrium consists of two parts: _______ and _______ equilibrium.

Answer 52

Static and Dynamic

Question 53

The organs of static equilibrium are located within a bony chamber, the ________ of the inner ear, inside two expansions of the membranous labyrinth, called the ___________ & ____________.

Answer 53

Vestibule Utricle and Saccule

Question 54

A _____________, consisting of hair cells and supporting cells, lies inside these sacs.

Answer 54

Macula

Question 55

The hair cells are inside a gelatinous material that contains tiny stones called ____________.

Answer 55

Otoliths

Question 56

Impulses travel to the brain via the __________ branch of the _________ nerve, indicating the position of the head.

Answer 56

Vestibular Vestibulocochlear

Question 57

The three _____________ detect motion of the head, and aid in balancing the head and body during sudden movement.

Answer 57

Semicircular Canals

Question 58

The organs of dynamic equilibrium are called cristae _____________, and are located in the bulbous _____________ of each canal of the inner ear. They are at right angles to each other.

Answer 58

Ampullaris Ampulla

Question 59

Hair cells extend into a dome-shaped gelatinous _______.

Answer 59

Cupula

Question 60

Rapid turning of the head or body generates impulses as the cupula and hair cells bend. Also, mechanoreceptors called ___________, associated with the joints, and the changes detected by the eyes help maintain equilibrium.

Answer 60

Proprioceptors

Question 61

The ________ protects the eye from foreign objects and contains the thinnest skin of the body. The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelid is called the ___________.

Answer 61

Eyelid Conjunctiva

Question 62

The _________ apparatus produces tears that lubricate and cleanse the eye. Two small ducts drain tears into the nasal cavity. Tears also contain an antibacterial enzyme called _________.

Answer 62

Lacrimal Lysozome

Question 63

The six ____________ muscles of the eye attach to the sclera and move the eye in all directions.

Answer 63

Extrinsic

Question 64

The outer (fibrous) layer consists of the transparent ___________ at the front of the eye, and the white __________ around the majority of the eye.

Answer 64

Cornea Sclera

Question 65

The __________ coat is highly vascular and darkly pigmented, and performs two functions: to nourish other tissues of the eye and to keep the inside of the eye ____________.

Answer 65

Choroid Eye Dark

Question 66

The ___________ body forms a ring around the front of the eye. What is its function?

Answer 66

Ciliary Body - it contains ciliary processes, ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments, that hold the lens in position and change its shape to focus images at different distances

Question 67

The ___________ chamber (between the cornea and iris) and the ______________ chamber (between the iris and vitreous body and housing the lens) make up the ___________ cavity, which is filled with a fluid called ___________ humor.

Answer 67

______ ______ Anterior Aqueous

Question 68

What is the ability of the lens to change its shape called? _______ Why is this important?

Answer 68

Accomodation To be able to focus on objects at different distances

Question 69

The ___________ is a thin, smooth muscle that adjusts the amount of light entering the _________, an opening in its center.

Answer 69

Iris Pupil

Question 70

What are the 2 types of muscle fibers of the iris?

Answer 70

Radial and Circular Muscle Fibers

Question 71

The inner layer of the eye wall consists of the ___________, which contains photoreceptors. The inner layer covers the back side of the eye, and extends forward to the ciliary body.

Answer 71

Retina

Question 72

In the center of the retina is the yellow area, the _________ ________, with the _________ _________ in its center, the point of sharpest vision in the eye.

Answer 72

Macula Lutea Fovea Centralis

Question 73

Medial to this area is the _________ _________, also called the _________ _________, where nerve fiber leave the eye to become the optic nerve.

Answer 73

Optic Disc, also called the Blind Spot

Question 74

The large posterior cavity of the eye is filled with gel-like ______________ humor.

Answer 74

Vitreous

Question 75

Which four parts of the eye accomplish refraction?

Question 76

Two kinds of modified neurons comprise the visual receptors; elongated _________ and blunt-shaped ________

Answer 76

Rods Cones

Question 77

Which is responsible for color vision?

Answer 77

Cones

Question 78

Which is responsible for black and white vision?

Answer 78

Rods

Question 79

Which provides vision in dim light?

Answer 79

Rods

Question 80

The light-sensitive pigment in rods is ___________, or _______, which breaks down into a protein, opsin, and retinal (from vitamin A) in the presence of light. How does this work?

Answer 80

Rhodopsin or Visual Purple

Question 81

The light-sensitive pigments in cones are also proteins. There are __________ sets of cones, each containing a different visual pigment. How does this work

Answer 81

Three The wavelength of light determines the color perceived from it; each of the three pigments is most sensitive to different wavelengths of light:

Question 82

The color perceived depends upon which sets of cones the light stimulates: If all the sets are stimulated, the color is _____________; if none are stimulated, the color is ____________.

Answer 82

White Black

Question 83

The axons of ganglion cells leave the eyes to form the _____________ nerves

Answer 83

Opticm called the Optic Chiasma

Question 84

Fibers from the medial half of the retina cross over in the optic ____________.

Answer 84

Tracts

Question 85

Impulses are transmitted to the thalamus and then to the visual ___________ of the __________ lobe.

Answer 85

Visual Cortex of the Occipital Lobe