Chapter 10 Flashcards
(16 cards)
gene structure is the ______ ______ of genetic information.
It is also defined as the ________ ________ _______ that codes for polypeptides ,tRNA or rRNA
DNA template directs ___ synthesis
- basic unit, nucleic acid sequence
- RNA
Transcription->_________
_______ carries the message for protein synthesis
________ carries amino acids during protein synthesis
_________ molecules are components of ribosomes
- RNA synthesis under the direction of DNA
- mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
_______ is the final step in expression of protein encoding genes
In translation ______ translated into amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain
Start codon is always ___
Stop codon is always___,____,____
- Translation
- mRNA
- AUG
4.UGA, UAG, UAA
A wobble is used to ________ need for unique tRNA for each codon. And ________ effect of some mutations
some protists use a single stop codon and others use ___________
- eliminate, decreases
2.Amino Acids
_________ is the synthesis of polypeptide directed by sequence of nucleotides in mRNA
- the direction of this goes from N-terminal to C-terminal
ribosomes are the site of ______
______ is the site of protein synthesis
- translation
- translation
- the ribosome
the addition of amino acids to growing polypeptides have three phases:
_________, _________, and _______.
This is aided by ______
- aminoacyl-tRNA binding, transpeptidation, Translocation
- elongation factors(EFs)
Peptidyl is the ______ site
Aminoacyl is the _____ site and it bind ________ ________
Exit site breifly binds _______ before it leaves ribosome
- donor
- acceptor, incoming aminoacyl-tRNA
- empty tRNA
Transpeptidation reaction is catalyzed by ______ ______ of 23S rRNA ribozyme
Amino group of A site amino acid reacts with carboxyl group of the ___________ amino acid on the P sire of tRNA
peptide chain is transferred from ______-_____ to _____-_____
- peptidyl transferase
- C-terminal
- P-site to A-site
Final phase in elongation cycle is _______
Three simultaneous events:
-_______ moves from A site to P site
-_________ moves down one codon
- Empty tRNA leaves ______
This requires ____ hydrolysis
- Translocation
- peptidyl-tRNA
- Ribosome
- P-site
- GTP
Termination of protein synthesis takes place on three codons ____, ___, and ____
Release Factors aid in ______ of stop codons
There are _____ Release Factors in prokaryotes
- UAA, UAG, UGA
- recognition
- 3
protein function depends on _________ - and occurs as post translation event
this requires _____, association with other ______. Is delivered to proper _______ or ______ site
molecular chaperones help with _____
- 3-D shape
- folding, proteins, subcellular or extracellular
- proteins folding
translocation- _________
____ system – general secretion pathway
____ system- secretes only folded proteins
- movement of proteins from cytoplasms to plasma membrane or periplasmic space
2.Sec system
- Tat system
Sec system is ______ in all domains
Processing Exons and Introns
_______ are removed by a large complex of proteins and RNA molecules unique to eukaryotes
Eukaryotic ribosomes are _______ than bacteria and require more ________ ______ for proper positioning on the mRNA
- highly conserved
- Introns
- larger, initiation factors
________ and _______ in eukaryotes are similar to bacteria
Eukaryotes use ____ chaperones
Archaea use ___ chaperones
- elongation and termination
- lots of different chaperone
- two chaperones
Due to cellular ______, proteins may need to be shuttled across membranes
_________ ______ can be used to move proteins without translocating them directly across membrane
_______ _______ must occur to place proteins into mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc.
- complexities
- vesicular transport
- direct transport
translation of archaea is similar to ______ but uses ______-style initiatior Met-tRNA
In archaea Elongation factors are similar to ______
Archaea use single release factor during translation like ______
Folding or archaea is accomplished with ____
- Bacteria, eukaryotic
- bacteria and eukaryotes
3.Eukaryotes
- chaperones
