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Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

where does the energy stored in chemical bonds mostly come from

A

the sun

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2
Q

what does organic mean

A

relating to or denoting compounds with Carbon

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3
Q

what does inorganic mean

A

relating to or denoting compounds which aren’t organic

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4
Q

what is an inorganic compound

A

A compound that lacks the Carbon to Hydrogen bonds ex: CO2

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5
Q

what is carbon fixation

A

the conversion process by which inorganic carbons is converted to organic compounds by living organisms

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6
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the anabolic process that converts light energy to chemical energy stored in C-C (carbon to carbon bonds) and C-H bonds of carbohydrates

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7
Q

what is anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

doesn’t produce oxygen, used by some prokaryotes, reducing agent is hydrogen sulfide instead of H2O, byproduct generates in sulfur instead of O2

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8
Q

what is oxygenic photosynthesis

A

produces oxygen, used by plants, green algae, and some prokaryotes, H2O supplies electrons used to reduce CO2 in carbohydrates, produces most of organic carbon used for life on earth, replenishes O2, has two sets of reactions, light dependent and Calvin cycle

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9
Q

what atoms in CO2 are in an oxidized state

A

Carbon atoms

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10
Q

what happens when CO2 is reduced

A

it is reduced to a carbohydrate as electrons and hydrogen ions (H+) from H2O that is added

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11
Q

what atoms in H2O are in an reduced state

A

Oxygen atoms

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12
Q

what happens when H2O is oxidized

A

when H2O becomes oxidized to O2, when it loses an electron and hydrogen ions

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13
Q

what is the real name for NADP+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

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14
Q

what is NADP+

A

it’s an intermediary carrier of the H+ and electrons between oxidation and reduction reactions

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15
Q

what is the light dependent reactions

A

it occurs in the thylakoid of the chloroplast, it requires photons, hence the name light dependent, it converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

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16
Q

what are the carbon fixation reactions of the calvin cycle

A

it occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts, it reduces CO2 and synthesizes carbohydrates, it requires the ATP and NADPH produced from the light dependent reactions, they are light INdependent reactions.

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17
Q

what does light independent mean

A

they don’t use light directly, they stop only in the dark only when the ATP and NADPH sources are exhausted

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18
Q

what is light

A

a form of electromagnetic radiation, moves through space and time as waves, behaves as particles called photons

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19
Q

what are photons

A

particles of light described as packets of energy, no mass

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20
Q

what is a wavelength

A

the distance between successive peaks of a wave train, such as electromagnetic radiation

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21
Q

if the wavelength is shorter, is the energy greater or lesser

A

energy is greater

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22
Q

what are the 3 ways a photon can interact with a molecule

A

bounce (reflect) of it, pass (transmit) through it, and be absorbed (adds energy to the molecule)

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23
Q

what happens when photons are absorbed in photosynthesis

A

the electrons at a ground state, low energy and stable, boosts the electron into a shell farther from the nucleus. this is an excited state, higher energy and unstable,

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24
Q

do specific receptive molecules absorb specific wavelengths of light

A

yes

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25
what is white light
all wavelengths of visible light
26
what is pigment
a substance that absorbs visible light
27
what are the 2 main pigments
chlorophyll and carotenoid
28
what is a chlorophyll
it absorbs blue and red regions of the spectrum. it reflects and transmits green light
29
what is chlorophyll a
a major pigment in light dependent reactions
30
what are carotenoids
it absorbs blue and green regions of the spectrum. it reflects and transmits yellow, orange, and red.
31
why does it matter what wavelength chlorophyll a absorbs the most light
the wavelength of photosynthesis is the highest at that wavelength
32
what is a photosystem
a light capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplasts
33
what does a photosystem consists of
a reaction-center complex which is surrounded by light-harvesting complexes
34
what are the 2 types of light harvesting complexes
2 and 1, they absorb light at different wavelengths
35
what are light-harvesting complexes
it is a complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, it captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem
36
what is a reaction center
it is a complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor, triggers light dependent reactions, it is excited by light energy, chlorophyll a pair donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor
37
what happens in the light-harvesting complex
a photon strikes a pigment molecule, the energy is absorbed by the molecule and an electron is excited, the electron becomes unstable and the energy is quickly released and the molecule goes back to a ground state, the energy is passed to the next molecule by RESONANCE
38
what happens inside the reaction center
a ground state pair of chlorophyll a molecules (Chl) absorbs the energy and becomes excited (Chl+), an excited electron from the pair is transferred to an electron acceptor molecule reducing it: light energy to chemical energy
39
what is photosystem 2
reaction-center chlorophyll a is known as P680 because this pigment is best at absorbing light having a wavelength of 680nm
40
what happens in photosystem 2
photons hits a pigment molecule which excites an electron which is boosted to the next level. It falls down and the energy goes to the next pigment molecule until it reaches a pair P680 chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center. The electron is transferred from the P680 molecule into the primary electron acceptor which oxidizes the P680 into P680+. To replace the electron it lost, enzymes catalyze the splitting of H2O into 2 electrons, 2 H+ and and O molecule.
41
what happens in photosystem 1
photons hit a pigment molecule which excites an electron which is boosted to the next level. It falls down and the energy goes to the next pigment molecule until it reaches a pair P700 chlorophyll a molecule in the reaction center. The electron gets excited and transferred to P700's primary electron acceptor oxidizing P700 into P700+. To replace the electron it lost, it accepts the electron from PS2. No ATP synthesized. NADP+ is reduced into NADPH leaving an H+ in the stroma
42
what drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH by energizing the 2 photosystems
Light
43
what is the key to this energy transformation
the flow of electrons
44
how do the electrons flow
in a noncyclic electron transport chain
45
what is an example of a cyclic electron transport
if the electron from P700 went through a different ETC, made the ATP then went back into P700 replacing itself
46
what isn't made in cyclic electron transport
NADPH and O2
47
how is ATP made in photosynthesis?
in photophosphorylation
48
what is photophosphorylation
a chemiosmotic mechanism, the electron transport is coupled to the transport of H+ across the thylakoid membrane
49
what is created when the H+ is transported
electrochemical gradient
50
what also helps with the H+ gradient
water oxidation and NADP+ leaving a H+ in the stroma
51
what does this gradient do
dives the H+ into the lumen through ATP synthase
52
what are the similarities between photophosphorylation and oxidation phosphorylation?
a membrane associated ETC creation of a proton gradient harvesting energy of the proton gradient to produce ATP (ATP synthase)
53
what are the differences between photophosphorylation and oxidation phosphorylation?
ultimate source of the energy for ATP synthesis (light of the sun; electrons produced by the oxidation of biological molecules) * source of electrons (H2O; NADH/ FADH2) * direction of proton pumping (thylakoid space; outside the mitochondrial matrix) * movement of protons during ATP synthesis (out of the thylakoid space; into the mitochondrial matrix) * terminal electron acceptor (NADP+; O2)
54
what is the chemical pathway of CO2 fixation
the Calvin Cycle
55
where does the Calvin Cycle take place
the stroma
56
what is the Calvin Cycle to the light
indirectly dependent
57
how is it indirectly dependent
it uses the products from the light dependent reactions
58
what goes in and out of the calvin cycle
CO2 goes in and G3P comes out
59
what are the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle
carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration
60
what is carbon fixation
CO2 is incorporated into organic material, CO2 attaches to RuBP to form a 6C intermediate then splits in half immediately into 3PG
61
what enzyme is used for carbon fixation
Rubisco
62
what is rubisco
most abundant enzyme because it is slow. 3 reactions per second
63
what is reduction
3PG is reduced into G3P using ATP and NADPH. ATP is phosphorylated onto the 3PG making 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. NADPH donates 2 electrons which reduces 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into G3P.
64
where does the ADP and NADP+ go to
back to the light dependent reactions
65
what happens with the G3P
1/6 may be exported to the cytoplasm to make Glucose or fructose or be used for anything else the cell needs, may also stay in the chloroplasts to synthesize glucose. 5/6 is recycled to regenerate RuBP
66
what is regeneration
the regeneration of RuBP, the CO2 acceptor. Those 5/6 of G3P serves as the substrate for the reaction that regenerates the RuBP with ATP required.
67
what are autotrophs
photosynthetic organisms, make energy for other organisms
68
what are heterotrophs
can't photosynthesize so it relies on autotrophs for material and energy

Biology (12 decks)

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