chapter 10 - pregnancy Flashcards by Neha Vivek

why increase nutrients and caloreis during pregancy

fetus, amniotic fluid, placenta, increased blood volume, and breast, uterine, and fat tissue

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wwhat is a low birth infant though to be

less than 5.5 lb

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weight gain during pregnancy

7.5 lb for fetus
1 lb for palcenta
2 lb for aniotic fluid and uterus
1-3 lb for breasts
4 lb for increased blood volume
4+ lb for maternal fat

avg is 25-35 lbho

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how much weight gain by trimester

2-4 lb in first trimester

1lb a week during second and third trimerster

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folic acid and pregnancy

correlation btwn folic acid and babies w brain and spinal cord defects

400 mcg of flic acid daily

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pregnant rdi

protein - 1.1
vitamin a - 750; 700
vitamin d - 15
vitamin e - 15
vitamin k - 75;90
vitamin c - 80;85
thiamine - 1.4
reboflavin - 1.4
niacin - 18
vitamin B6 - 1.9
folate - 600
vitamin B12 - 2.6
calcium - 1300;1000
phosphorus - 1250;700
magnesium - 360;310
fluoride - 3
iron - 27
zinc - 12; 11
iodine - 220
selenium -60

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lactating rdi

protein - 1.3
vitamin a - 1200;1300
vitamin d - 15
vitamin e - 19
vitamin k - 75;90
vitamin c - 115;2120
thiamine - 1.4
reboflavin - 1.6
niacin - 17
vitamin B6 - 2
folate - 500
vitamin B12 - 2.8
calcium - 1300; 1000
phosphorus - 1250; 700
magnesium - 360;310
fluoride - 3
iron - 10
zinc - 13;12
iodine - 290
selenium - 70

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protein requirement increase to __ during pregnancy

60 f

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what has excess vitamin A (mo than 3000 RE) known to cause

hydrocephaly
microcephaly
mental retardation
ear and eye abnormaltiies
cleft lip and palate
heart defects

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required amt of vitami nD

15 mcg or 600 IU

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requireed amt of vitamin E

15 mg

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AI of vitamin K

75-90 mcg

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fetus increases its hemoglobin level to ___ per 100 mL of blood

2-022

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how much do caloreis need to increase during pregnancy by trimster

first - not at all
second - 340 cal a day
third - 450 a day

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what is one of the best ways to consume extra caloreis during pregnancy

drinking an additional two servings of milk per day

protein, calcium, phosphorus, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin

150 cal + sat fat and cholesterol for whole milk
90 cal for fat free

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what is morning sickenss + how to releive

nausea during first trimester

relieve by eating dry crackers or dry toast before rising
eat small, frequent meals
avoid foods w offensives odors
avoid liquids at mealtimes

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hyperemesis gravidarum

severe and lief theratening nausea

mother is hospitalized and given parenteral nutrition

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how to relieve constipation and hemorrhoids

eating high-bfiber foods
daily exercise
drinking at least 8 glasses of liquid a day
respond immediately to urge to defecate

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what is heart burn

relaxation of cardiac sphincter and smooth muscle bc of progesterone

as fetus grows it pushes on mothers stomach, causing stomach acid to move int lower esophaus and create burnig sensation

relevied thorugh small, frequent meals, avoid picy or geasy foods, avoid liquids w meals, wait at least an hour after eating before lying down, waiting at least 2 hours before exercising

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excessive weight gain

reevaluate diet and eliminate candy, cookies, rich desserts, chips, salad dressings, sweetneed beverages

drink fat free milk

clean, crips, raw veg (broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, celery, cucumbers, zucchini sticks, or radishes dipped in a low-fat salad dressing or salsa)

fruit and custards w fat-free milk

broiling, baking, or boiling foods instead of frying

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what is pergnacny-induced hypertension

aka toxemia or preeclampsia

high bpa, proteunuria (albumin in urine) and edema (sudden increase in weight)

can progress to eclamptic (convulsive) stage w convulsions, coma, and death of mom and baby

more in first time pregnacnies, multifetal pregnancies, morbid obese moterhs, inadequate (protein defieicnt mothers), and adolescents

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what is pica

craving for nonfood substances like starch ,clay (soil) or rice

relieves nausea/ cultural heritage

ingesting soil has bacteria + could cause intensitnal block and prevent absopriton of minerals

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what is anemia

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insuffiency of RBC, hemoglobin or blood volume

dont recieve sufficient o2 from blood and consequenly feels waak and tire,d poor appetitie and pail

iron deficiency is most common

folate defieicny coudl = megalblastic anemia (too few RVC and large immature abc)

fetal alchohol syndrome (FAS)

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alc consumption is associated w subnormal physical and metnal devleopment of fetus

premature, low birth weight, small head, short eye slits (eyes appears to be set far apart), fat midface, thin upper lip, growth defiency (lowest tenth of age norms), CS dysfunction (hyperactivity, seizusres, attention deficits, and microcephaly)

fetal alchohol effect

less deramatic or no physical defects but w behavior and psychosocial probelsm not able to lead normal lives due to deficients in intelligence and behavioral and social abilities when mom consumes alc it enters fetal bloodstream but they cant metabolize as easily so it stays longer

caffeine and pregnancy

limit to 2 cups a day (less than 300 mgday)

drugs derived from vitmain a can cause

fetal malformations and spotaneous abortion

illegal drugs

infant born addicted and possibly w HIV (physician may prescribe AZT)t

tobacco and pregnancy

more mother smokes, smaller the baby bc smoking reduces O2 and nutrients carried by blood can cause SIDS, fetal death, spontenaoeus aboriton, complicaton at birth

gestational diaetes

35-60% risk of developing T2D later in life increases risk of physica or mental defects in infant, stillbirth, and macrosomia (birth wt over 9 lb) unless glucose levels are carefully monitored

when should pregnant women get tested for dibateres

btw 24 and 28 weeks of gestation

artiical sweetners and pregnancy

deemed safe

healthy eating with gestational diabetes

distribute carb over smaller and more freuqnet amts (3 meals, 2-3 snacks) 2-3 hrs btwn meals restrict carbs during breakfasts (no more than 45 g of carb and avoid simple carbs like fruits ro refined cereals)

what are adolescent pregnant ppl vulnerable

pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) premature cardiovascualr and kidnet probelms later leading cause of deaths among newborns

lactation

to produce and secrete breast milk to nourish infant caused by oxytocin (milk ejecton from breast, released by infant sucing mechanisms - let-down reflex) and prolacting (milk production) if breast augmentation or reduction cant breast feed takes 2-3 weeks to fully establish routines human milk is formulated to meet nutrient needs for first 6 months

what is a lactation specialist

expert on breastfeeding and helps new mothers who may hae problems such as baby not latching on best first food is breast milk

what are the benefits of breastfeeding

- right mix of carb, protein, fat, vitmains, and mienrals for brain development, growth, and digestion - lowers baby risk of asthma or allergies (100 ingredients not found in formula) - lower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea, viruses, and hopsital admissions bc receive immunities from mother - good jaw development + straight, healthy teeth - skin to skin = bonding (kangaroo care) - mom lose pounds during prengancy and uterus go back to original size can use breast pump

breast milk storage

6-8 hours at room temp 5 days in refrigerator 3-6 mo in refrigerator freezer 6-12 mo in deep freezer don't reheat breast milk in microwave or on stove as it will kill immune-enchancing ability

calories required to produce 100 mL of milk + amt of cal required per day

85 cal 640 cal per day for 750 mL (then 510 cal 6 mo later when baby eats food)titue

institue of medicine suggest cal increase

500 a day for first 6 months 400 a day for 7-9 mo 1 oz of human milk contians 20 cal

how many grams of protein secreted in milk a day

10g

nutrients during lactation

vitmain C extra fat-free milk cal iron zinc copper calcium vitmain d vitmain b12 fluids (water and fruit juice)

what percent of total energy to support basal metabolism does the brain and livertake?

40%

avg cal per hr used when sleeping

avg cal used per hour during sedentary activities

80-100

avg cal used per hour during moderate activities

170-240

avg cal used per hour during strenous acitivites

250-350

avg cal used per hour during vigorous

350+

range of heatlhy body fat precentages for females

25-31%

range of heatlhy body fat precentages for males

18-24%

max healthy weight circumfernce for men

40 inch

types of milk during lactation

1st–Colostrum Time Frame First 3–5 days following birth * creamy, yellow, thick milk * high in protein, vitamins, minerals, and antibodies 2nd–Transitional milk Lasts about 2 weeks: * thinner, whiter milk * high in fat, lactose, and vitamins 3rd–Mature milk Characteristics Until baby is weaned * 90% water for hydration * carbohydrate, protein, and fat needed for growth and energy

serving size for infants

1 tbsp

When fully grown, males will have ____ times the muscle tissue and two-thirds as much fat tissue as females.

chapter 10 - pregnancy Flashcards

(56 cards)