chapter 10 Vocab Flashcards by Andrew Erickson

metabolism that can produce only in the presence of oxygen

aerobic metabolism

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occasional, gasping breaths that occur after the heart has stopped

agonal gasps

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the upper airway tract or the passage above the larynx, which includes the nose, mouth, and throat

airway

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the volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space; calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate

alveolar minute volume

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the volume of air that reaches the alveoli. it is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume

alveolar ventilation

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a safety system of large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

american standard safety system

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the metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principal product is lactic acid

anaerobic metabolism

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absence of spontaneous breathing

apnea

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in the context of airway, the introduction of vomitus or other foreign material into the lungs

aspiration

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irregular, ineffective respiration that may or may not have identifiable pattern

ataxic respirations

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a ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variable of ventilation to be set. it frees the EMT to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated

ATV

Automatic Transport Ventilator

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a device with a one way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen, it delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen

BVM

bag-valve mask

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a protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve, that limits exposure to a patient’s body fluids

barrier device

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a body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline

bilateral

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subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli

Bronchioles

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a noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patient’s ventilatory status, circulation, and metabolism. effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time

capnography

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use of a capnometer, a device measures amount of expired carbon dioxide

capnometry

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point at wich the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi

carina

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monitor the level of o2, co2, and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s need at any given time

chemoreceptors

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the ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation

compliance

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a method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress; can prevent the need for endotracheal intubation

CPAP

continuous positive airway pressure

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the portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and thus does not participate in gas exchange

dead space

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a process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

diffusion

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shortness of breath

dyspnea

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the amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath

end-tidal co2

the passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs

exhalation

the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration

external respiration

a normal reflex mechanism that causes retching; activated by touching the soft palate or the back of the throat

gag reflex

a condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation

gastric distension

the space in between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adult's airway; also called the glottic opening

glottis

a term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With _______________, the patient is still conscious and able to cough forcefully, although wheezing may be heard

good air exchange

a combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients

head tilt-chin lift maneuver

increased in carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream

hypercarbia

a dangerous condition in which the body tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen

hypoxia

a condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases

hypoxic drive

the active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lungs

inhalation

the exchange of gases between the blood cells and the tissues

internal respiration

bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart

intrapulmonary shunting

technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury

jaw-thrust maneuver

breathing that requires greater than normal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and usually requires the use of accessory muscles

labored breathing

a complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together; where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; also called the voice box

larynx

a fixed flow rate ventilation device that delivers a breath every time its button is pushed; also referred to as a flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device

manually triggered ventilation device

space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus; located between the two lungs

mediastinum

the biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells

metabolism (cellular respiration)

occurs when a foreign body partially obstructs the patient's airway. the patient is able to move adequate amounts of air, but also experiences some degree of respiratory distress

mid airway obstruction

the volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute; calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate; also referred to as minute ventilation

minute volume

an oxygen-delivery device in which oxygen flows through two small, tubelike prongs that fit into the patient's nostrils; delivers 24% to 44% supplemental oxygen, depending on the flow rate

nasal cannula

airway adjunct inserted into the nostril of an unresponsive patient or a patient with an altered level of consciousness who is unable to maintain airway patency independently

NPA | nasopharyngeal airway

the nasal cavity; formed by the union of facial bones and protects the respiratory tract from contaminants

nasopharynx

a combination mask and reservoir bag system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting; delivers up to 90% inspired oxygen and prevents inhaling the exhaled gas (carbon dioxide)

nonrebreathing mask

airway adjunct inserted into the mouth of an unresponsive patient to keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway and to facilitate suctioning the airway, if necessary

OPA | oropharyngeal airway

forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks and inferiorly by the tongue

oropharynx

the process of delivering oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs

oxygenation

a condition of excessive oxygen consumption resulting in cellular and tissue damage

oxygen toxicity

thin membrane that lines the chest cavity

parietal pleura

the term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood

partial pressure

the act of air moving in and out of the lungs during chest compressions

passive ventilation

open, clear of obstruction

patent

nerve that innervates the diaphragm; necessary for adequate breathing to occur

phrenic nerve

a system established for portable cylinders to ensure that a regulator is not connected to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

pin-indexing system

a partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space

pneumothorax

a term used to describe the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With __________, the patient often has a weak, ineffective cough, increased difficulty breathing, or possible cyanosis and may produce a high-pitched noise during inhalation (stridor)

poor air exchange

an assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds

pulse oximetry

a side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injuries who are breathing adequately

recovery position

the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

residual volume

the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide

respiration

movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration

retractions

occurs when a foreing body completely obstructs the patient's airway. the patient cannot breathe, talk, or cough

severe airway obstruction

an opening through the skin and into an organ or other structure; a ___ in the neck connects the trachea directly to the skin

stoma

a high-pitched noise heard primarily on inspiration

stridor

a hollow, cylindrical device used to remove fluid from the patient's airway

suction catheter

a liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded; a low level in a premature infant contributes to respiratory distress syndrome

surfactant

a life-threatening collection of air within the pleural space; the volume and pressure have both collapsed the involved lung and caused a shift of the mediastinal structures to the opposite side

tension pneumothorax

the amount of air (in mL) that is moved in or out of the lungs during one breath

tidal volume

large, semirigid suction tips recommended for suctioning the pharynx; also called Yankauer tips

tonsil tips

surgical opening into the trachea

tracheostomy

exchange of air between the lungs and environment, spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT

ventilation

thin membrane that covers the lungs

visceral pleura

the amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible

vital capacity

thin white bands of tough muscular tissue that are lateral bornders of the glottis and serve as the primary center for speech productio

vocal cords

the production of whistling sounds during expiration such as occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis

wheezing

chapter 10 Vocab Flashcards

(81 cards)